Table 2.
Redox therapies designed against GBM.
| Glioblastoma cellular line | Anticancer compound | Redox effects | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| U87–MG | SIRT6 (deacetylase) | ↑ Apoptosis | (101) |
| T98G | ↓ Oxidative stress | ||
| ↓ JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway | |||
| U87MG | Chloroquine | ↓ Cell viability (75–200 μM) 48 h | (102) |
| U343MG | ↓ Mitochondrial membrane potential (50–200 μM, 12–24 h) | ||
| U138MG | ↑ Mitochondrial production (50 μM) | ||
| U251MG | ↑ ROS production (50 μM) | ||
| A172 | 150 μM | (103) | |
| ↑ Apoptosis | |||
| ↑ Nitric oxide | |||
| ↑ ROS | |||
| ↓ GSH levels | |||
| ↑ GSH peroxidase activity | |||
| ↑ GSH S-transferase | |||
| C6 glioma cells | 30–300 μM | (101) | |
| ↑ iNOS expression | |||
| ↑ NO production | |||
| C6 glioma cells | AGEs (advanced glycosylation end products) (30–300 μg/ml) | ↑ iNOS | (104) |
| ↑ Nitric oxide synthase expression | |||
| C6 glioma cells | t-BOOH (tertiary-butylhydroperoxide) | ↑ ROS generation | (105) |
| ↑ Lipid peroxidation | |||
| ↓ GSH levels | |||
| ↑ Ca2+ influx | |||
| C6 glioma cells | OGD (oxygen-glucose deprivation) | ↑ ROS generation | (106, 107) |
| ↑ Intracellular Ca2+ | |||
| ↑ Depolarization of mitochondrial inner membrane potential | |||
| T98G | Quercetin (50 μM), temozolomide (50 μM), individual and in combination | ↓ Mitochondrial membrane potential | (108) |
| C6 glioma cells | Quercetin (25 and 50 μM) | ↑ ROS generation | (109) |
| Rutin (25 and 50 μM) | ↓ Cell viability | ||
| U87MG | EGCG (epigallocatechin-3-gallate) | 25, 50, and 100 μM | (110) |
| ↑ ROS generation | |||
| ↓ Mitochondrial membrane potential | |||
| T98G | 50 μM | (111) | |
| U87MG | ↑ Apoptosis | ||
| ↑ ROS production activation of the redox-sensitive c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 pathway | |||
| ↓ Mitochondrial membrane potential | |||
| ↓ Cell viability | |||
| 8401 GBM cells | PEITC (phenethyl isothiocyanate) | ↑ ROS generation | (112) |
| Mitochondrial dysfunction | |||
| T98G cells | Gambogic acid (200–400 nM) | ↑ ROS generation | (113) |
| ↑ Apoptosis | |||
| U87MG | Artocarpesin (106 μM), cycloartocarpesin (50 μM), and isobavachalcone (25 μM) | ↑ ROS generation | (114) |
| ↓ Mitochondrial membrane potential | |||
| GSC11 | Serum | ↑ Mitochondrial ROS generation | (115) |
| GSC23 | ↑ SOD expression | ||
| GBM3752 | ↑ Catalase expression | ||
| ↓ GSH levels | |||
| U87MG | Pt-1-DMCa (platinum analog) | ↑ ROS generation | (116) |
| ↑ Apoptosis | |||
| GBM3752 | Temozolomide, demethoxycurcumin | ↑ ROS generation | (117) |
| ↑ Apoptosis | |||
| ↓ JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway | |||
| U251 and U87 | Arecaidine propargyl ester (25–100 μM) | ↑ ROS generation | (118) |
| ↑ SOD expression | |||
| ↑ Apoptosis | |||
| GSC 387 and 3832 | Cannabidiol (3.5 μM) | ↑ ROS generation | (119) |
| ↓ Cell viability | |||
| U87 (human) | Oligomeric procyanidins (30–100 μg/ml) | ↑ ROS generation | (120) |
| C6 (rat) | ↓ Mitochondrial membrane potential | ||
| ↓ Cell viability | |||
| U87 | Alantolactone (10–60 μM) | ↓ GSH | (121) |
| U373 | ↑ ROS production | ||
| LN229 | ↓ Mitochondrial transmembrane potential | ||
| GL15 | Bromopyruvate | ↓ Mitochondrial potential | (122) |
| ↓ MTT | |||
| ↓ ATP | |||
| ↑ Apoptosis | |||
| ↑ ROS production | |||
| D-54 MG | Manganese porphyrin | ↓ ROS production | (123) |
| D-245 MG | ↓ RNS production | ||
| D-256 MG | ↑ SOD expression | ||
| D-456 MG | |||
| T98G | Apigenin (50 μM), epigallocatechin (50 μM), and Genistein (50 μM) | ↑ Apoptosis | (111) |
| U87MG | ↑ ROS production activation of the redox-sensitive c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 pathway | ||
| ↓ Mitochondrial membrane potential | |||
| ↓ Cell viability | |||
| LN229 | Kaempferol (50 μmol/L) | ↑ Apoptosis | (124) |
| U87MG | ↑ ROS production | ||
| T98G | ↓ Cell viability | ||
| ↓ SOD-1 expression (superoxide dismutase) | |||
| ↓ TRX-1 (thioredoxin) | |||
| ↓ Mitochondrial membrane potential | |||
| U87 | PENAO (4-(N-(S-penicillaminylacetyl) amino) phenylarsonous acid) (0–10 μM), DCA (0–50 mM) alone and combination | ↓ Cell viability | (125) |
| U251 | ↑ Apoptosis | ||
| LN229 | ↑ Depolarized mitochondria | ||
| ↑ ROS production | |||
| ↑ Mitochondrial ROS production | |||
| ↓ Oxygen consumption rate (PENAO) | |||
| ↑ Oxygen consumption rate (DCA) | |||
| = Oxygen consumption rate (combination) | |||
| ↑ Extracellular acidification rate (PENAO) | |||
| DBTRG | ↓ Extracellular acidification rate (DCA and combination) | ||
| GBM cells | DCA | ↑ Depolarized mitochondria | (126) |
| ↑ ROS production | |||
| ↑ Mitochondrial ROS production | |||
| ↑ Apoptosis | |||
| ↑ Oxidative phosphorylation | |||
| U-13898 | Ascorbic acid (5–100 mmol/L) | ↓ Cell viability | (127) |
| U-87 | ↑ ROS production | ||
| U-251 | ↑ H2O2 production | ||
| T98G | Xanthohumol | ↓ Cell viability | (128) |
| ↑ Apoptosis | |||
| ↑ Intracellular ROS production | |||
| T98G | Berberine (0–200 μg/ml) | ↓ Cell viability | (129) |
| ↑ ROS production | |||
| ↑ Intracellular Ca2+ | |||
| ↑ Endoplasmic reticulum | |||
| T98G | Buthionine sulfoximine | ↓ GSH | (130, 131) |
| U87MG | ↓ Cell viability | ||