Table 3.
Zero-order Correlations between Covariates and Language Measures by Skill Group
| Child Social Interaction | Bayley Visual/Spatial factor | WISC Matrix Reasoning | Maternal Education | Maternal Language | HOME total scores | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 15 months | ||||||
| CDI Comprehension | .01/−.03 | -- | -- | −.09/−.13 | .03/.02 | .10/.10 |
| CDI Production | .02/.05 | -- | -- | −.04/−.16* | −.03/−.13 | .10/.09 |
| CDI Early Gestures | .14/.01 | -- | -- | −.03/−.09 | .08/−.13 | .23**/.12 |
| 25 months | ||||||
| CDI Production | .23*/.13 | .21*/.28*** | -- | −.15/.00 | −.02/.08 | .00/.07 |
| CDI Sentence Complexity | .20*/.09 | .26**/.21** | -- | −.08/−.02 | .15/.10 | .12/.08 |
| Bayley Language Factor | .18/.24** | .39***/.30*** | -- | −.21*/.11 | −.00/.09 | .05/.21** |
| 5 years | ||||||
| PPVT-III | .07/.24** | .18/.39*** | -- | −.02/.32*** | .05/.40*** | .10/.28*** |
| WJ Letter-Word Identification | −.01/.08 | .16/.07 | -- | .14/.22** | .00/.15 | .12/.08 |
| 11 years | ||||||
| PPVT-III | .23*/.07 | .11/.25*** | .36***/.17** | −.05/.25*** | .08/.48*** | −.04/.22** |
| ECLS-K Language/Literacy | .18*/.14 | .13/.19* | .43***/.18** | .14*/.12 | .12/.21** | .10/.18* |
Note. Correlations shown before the slash are from children of low language skill (df ranged from 87 to 199); those after the slash are from children of average-to-high language skill (df ranged from 126 to 218). Bayley Visual/Spatial factor was measured at 25 months, WISC Matrix Reasoning at 11 years, only concurrent and predictive relations of child nonverbal intelligence on language measures are presented.
*
p < .05;
**
p ≤ .01;
***
p ≤ .001.