Table 2.
Sleep, health and academic outcomes of reviewed interventions
| Author | Sleepa | Health | Academic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Boergers, Gable, & Owens, 201452 |
Bedtime: Pre: 11:48pm (1:03) | Post: 11:44pm (1:06) | Change: 0:04 Wake time: Pre: 7:02am (0:34) | Post: 7:26am (0:36) | Change: 0:24 (p ≤ .001) Total sleep time: Pre: 7:01 (1:00) | Post: 7:30 (1:12) | Change: 0:29 (p ≤ .001) Weekend total sleep time (Saturday night): Pre: 9:04 (1:16) | Post: 9:06 (1:15) | Change: 0:02 Napped on school days: Pre: 44% | Post: 33% (p ≤ .01) |
Visits to school clinic for fatigue-related symptomsc: NS Depressiong: Pre: 10.98 | Post: 10.12 (p ≤ .001) Weekly caffeine use (n per week)g: Pre: 7.62 | Post: 5.89 (p < .05) |
Academic achievement (received B or better): Pre: 93% | Post: 91% Tardiness: Pre: 25% | Post: 16% (p < .05) Presenteeism (sleepiness/falling asleep in class): Pre: 72% | Post: 55% (p ≤ .001) Too tired to do schoolwork Pre: 76% | Post: 61% (p ≤ .001) Too tired to play sports Pre: 45% | Post: 44% Too tired to socialize Pre: 45% | Post: 38% |
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| Danner & Philips, 200849 |
Total sleep time: Change: 0:30 (Grade 12) (p ≤ .001) Weekend oversleepf (Friday night) Pre: 1:54 | Post: 1:06 | Change: −0:48 (p ≤ .001) Sleepiness Scaleg Pre: 8.9 | Post: 8.2 (p ≤ .001) |
Too tired to play sportsc: NS Hours spent on homeworkc: NS Participation in school sportsc: NS Participation in organized community sportsc: NS Music activitiesc: NS Volunteer workc: NS Hanging out with friendsc: NS |
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| Li et al., 201350 |
Bedtime: Control: Pre: 9:19pm (0:35) | Post: 9:32pm (0:34) | Change: 0:13 (p ≤ .001) Intervention 1: Pre: 9:20pm (0:31) | Post: 9:34pm (0:40) | Change: 0:14 (p ≤ .001) Intervention 2: Pre: 9:25pm (0:26) | Post: 9:37pm (0:37) | Change: 0:12 (p ≤ .001) Wake time: Control: Pre: 6:54am (0:23) | Post: 7:01am (0:23) | Change: 0:07 Intervention 1: Pre: 6:52am (0:22) | Post: 7:13am (0:28) | Change: 0:21 (p ≤ .001) Intervention 2: Pre: 6:42am (0:20) | Post: 7:16am (0:25) | Change: 0:34 (p ≤ .001) Total sleep time: Control: Pre: 9:17 (0:44) | Post: 9:01 (0:40) | Change: −0:16 (p ≤ .001) Intervention 1: Pre: 9:20 (0:38) | Post: (0:40) | Change: 0:26 (p ≤ .001) Intervention 2: Pre: 9:18 (0:35) | Post: 9:56 (0:40) | Change: 0:38 (p ≤ .001) Daytime sleepiness (%): No/Rarely: Control: Pre: 64 (40.7) | Post: 71 (37.1) Intervention 1: Pre: 76 (35.1) | Post: 87 (42.1) Intervention 2: Pre: 53 (35.0) | Post: 86 (54.0) Sometimes: Control: Pre: 56 (35.4) | Post: 50 (26.3) Intervention 1: Pre: 82 (38.4) | Post: 62 (29.1) Intervention 2: Pre: 58 (38.0) | Post: 34 (21.3) Frequently: Control: Pre: 38 (23.9) | Post: 71 (36.6) Intervention 1: Pre: 57 (26.7) | Post: 59 (28.8) Intervention 2: Pre: 41 (27.0) | Post: 39 (24.7) (p ≤ .01) for interventions 1 & 2 vs. Control for daytime sleepiness score |
BMI (kg/m2): Control: Pre: 17.46 ± 2.99 | Post: 17.53 ± 2.99 Intervention 1: Pre: 17.69 ± 3.33 | Post: 17.61 ± 3.33 Intervention 2: Pre: 18.36 ± 3.98 | Post: 18.04 ± 3.98 |
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| Lufi, Tzischinsky, & Hadar, 201151 |
Bedtimee: Control: Pre: 10:58pm (0:23) | Post: 11:04pm (0:35) | Change 0:06 Intervention: Pre: 10:41pm (0:21) | Post: 10:42pm (0:35) | Change: 0:01 Wake timee: Control: Pre: 6:27am (0:23) | 6:22am (0:19) | Change: −0:05 Intervention: Pre: 7:07am (0:16) | Post: 6:13 am (0:13) | Change: −1:06 (p ≤ .01) Total sleep timee: Control: Pre: 7:29am (0:11) | Post: 7:18am (0:19) | Change: −0:11 Intervention: Pre: 8:26am (0:13) | Post: 7:31am (0:19) | Change: −1:05 (p ≤ .01) Sleep efficiencyb: Control: Pre: 92.43%| Post: 94.50% (p < .05) Intervention: Pre: 95.72%| Post: 96.94% (p < .05) (p ≤ .01) for intervention vs. control for wake time; (p < .05) for intervention vs. control for TST |
Overall attention levelg
(mean, SD): Control: Pre: −0.17 (1.03) | Post: −1.18 (0.77) (p ≤ .01) Intervention: Pre: −1.13 (0.64) | Post: −1.37 (0.53) (p ≤ .01) (p < .05) for intervention vs. control for overall attention level |
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| Owens, Belon, & Moss, 201053 |
Bedtime: Pre: 11:39pm (0:51) | Post: 11:21pm (1:04) | Change: −0:19 (p ≤ .001) Wake time: Pre: 6:54am (0:29) | Post: 7:25am (0:32) | Change: 0:31 (p ≤ .001) Total sleep time: Pre: 7:07 (0:46) | Post: 7:52 (1:13) | Change: 0:45 (p ≤ .001) Weekend bedtime: Pre: 12:56am (1:03) | Post: 12:33am (0:51) | Change: −0:23 Weekend wake time: Pre: 10:22am (1:18) | Post: 10:20am (1:11) | Change: −0:02 Weekend total sleep time (Saturday night): Pre: 9:32 (1:46) | Post: 9:20 (1:27) | Change: −0:12 Weekend oversleepf: Pre: 3:28 | Post: 2:55 | Change: −0:33 (p ≤ .001) (95% CI 0:19 – 0:46) Rarely or never getting enough sleep: Pre: 69.1% | Post: 33.7% (p ≤ .001) Never being satisfied with sleep: Pre: 36.8% | Post: 9.2% (p ≤ .001) Never getting a good night’s sleep: Pre: 28.6% | Post: 11.9% (p ≤ .001) Sleep-Wake Behavior Problems Scaleg: Pre: 31.5 | Post: 25.6 (p ≤ .001) Daytime sleepiness: Pre: 49.1% | Post: 20.0% (p ≤ .001) Takes naps at least sometimes: Pre: 52.4% | Post: 36.3% (p ≤ .001) Require assistance to wake up in the morning (e.g., alarm clock): Pre: 96.6% | Post: 89.0% (p ≤ .001) |
Visit health center for fatigue-related symptoms: Pre: 15.3% | Post: 4.6% (p < .05) Rest visits to health center (n): Pre: 69 | Post: 30 (p < .05) Physician visits (n): Pre: 54 | Post: 48 (NS) Depressed mood scoreg: Pre: 1.84 | Post: 1.56 (p ≤ .001) Somewhat unhappy or depressed: Pre: 65.8% | Post: 45.1% (p ≤ .001) Irritated or annoyed: Pre: 84.0% | Post: 62.6% (p ≤ .001) |
Academic achievement (B’s or better): Pre: 87.1% | Post: 82.2% (NS) Tardiness: Pre: 36.7% | Post: 22.6% (p ≤ .001) Presenteeism (struggled to stay awake during class): Pre: 85.1% | Post: 60.5% (p ≤ .001) Too tired to do schoolwork: Pre: 90.0% | Post: 66.2% (p ≤ .001) Fell asleep during morning class: Pre: 38.9% | Post: 18.0% (p ≤ .001) Late to class owing to oversleeping (n): Pre: 80 | Post: 44 (p < .05) |
| Vedaa, Saxvig, & Wilhelmsen-Langeland, 201248 |
Total sleep timed
(Pre=Saturday night | Post=Sunday night): Control: Pre: 8:52 (1:47) | Post: 6:20 (1:42) | Change: −2:33 (2.23) Intervention: Pre: 8:43 (2:03) | Post: 7:26 (1:25) | Change: −1:17 (2.38) (p < .05) for intervention vs. control for TST Bedtimed (Pre=Saturday night | Post=Sunday night): Control: Pre: 2:17am (1:47) | Post: 12:09am (1:18) | Change: −2:08 Intervention: Pre: 1:47am (1:40) | Post: 11:57pm (1:25) | Change: −1:50 Sleep onset latencyd (Pre=Saturday night | Post=Sunday night): Control: Pre: 0:11 (0:15) | Post: 0:34 (0:42) Intervention: Pre: 0:15 (0:14) | Post: 0:23 (0:25) (p < .05) for intervention vs. control for sleep onset latency Daytime sleepinessg: Controld: Pre: 4.9 (2.2) | Post: 5.0 (1.8) Interventiond: Pre: 4.5 (5.2) | Post: 4.0 (1.8) No significant difference between groups |
Positive affect (mean, SD): Controld: Pre: 28.6 (9.0) | Post: 27.4 (6.0) Interventiond: Pre: 26.3 (7.1) | Post: 26.9 (6.2) No significant difference between groups Negative affect (mean, SD): Controld: Pre: 14.5 (4.7) | Post: 14.0 (3.7) Interventiond: Pre: 13.2 (3.1) | Post: 12.8 (3.4) No significant difference between groups |
Reaction test timeg: Lapses (mean, SD): Controld: Pre: 9.7 (10.6) | Post: 11.1 (11.2) Interventiond: Pre: 14.6 (19.1) | Post: 7.3 (9.8) Median (SD): Controld: Pre: 270.6 (53.0) | Post: 273.1 (61.9) Interventiond: Pre: 322.1 (140.2) | Post: 273.0 (56.2) (p < .05) for intervention vs. control for number of lapses; (p < .05) for better performance in median reaction time for intervention vs. control |
a
Unless stated otherwise, values are reported in HH:MM. All data pertain to weeknights unless stated differently. Data are expressed as mean (SD).
b
Sleep efficiency: reported in percentages using the following formula: (sleep time/time in bed × 100).
c
Mean values were not reported in manuscript.
d
Did not compare pre-post values for statistical significance.
e
Values are reversed as baseline was during the intervention; negative number indicates improvement.
f
Difference between school day and non-school day wake times.
g
Lower values of the scale are favorable.
Abbreviations: BMI: body mass index, CI: confidence interval; NS: non-significant; SD: standard deviation; TST: total sleep time.