Table 1.
Vanadium oxidation state (V(V, IV, III)) and form-specific effects in immune system processes (A in vitro, B in vivo).
| Vanadium species, compound | Immune system process, pathology, disease | Vanadium effect | Vanadium dose |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sodium metavanadate (V(V)) | Immune system activation against γ-irradiation in mice | (1) Amplification of production of IFN-c and total IgG in irradiated splenocytes (2) Expansion of B cells accounting for increased number of splenocytes |
0–3.99 μM15,B |
| NF-κΒ/JNK signaling | Activation of both NF-κB and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) | 0–80 μM30,A | |
|
| |||
| Ammonium metavanadate (V(V)) | T cell signaling | (1) Concentration-dependent inhibition-proliferation of splenic T cells | 5–60 ppm19,B |
| (2) Immune system function of local intestinal mucosa in broilers could be affected | 5–60 mg/kg20,B | ||
| Cellular immune function | Reduction of percentage of peripheral blood T-cell subsets and proliferation function and serum interleukin-2 content | 5–60 ppm26,B | |
|
| |||
| Vanadium pentoxide (V(V)) | T lymphocyte activation | (1) Inhibition of secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1, TNF-α, etc.) | 1 fM–100 μM27,A |
| Ammonium metavanadate (V(V)) | Immunocompetence | (2) Effect of production-release of major immunoregulatory cytokines and disruption of cell-mediated immunity | |
|
| |||
| Vanadium pentoxide (V(V)) | Autoimmunity | (1) Thymic dysfunction (2) T cell negative selection in mice |
0.02 M21,B |
| Impairment of function of immunoregulatory NK cells | IL-2-mediated dysregulation of signaling pathways in NK cells | 25–400 μM25,Α | |
|
| |||
| Sodium orthovanadate (V(V)) | B cell signaling | Enhancement of DNA synthesis by T and B cell mitogenic agents | 0–1000 μM16,B |
| T cell signaling | (1) Enhancement of inducible forms of CREB in both resting and antigen-stimulated T cells (2) Enhancement of AP-1 activity in primary T lymphocytes |
10–100 μM22,Β | |
|
| |||
| “Pervanadate” (V(V)-peroxido species) | NF-κΒ signaling | NF-κB activation through tyrosine phosphorylation | 50–250 μM31,Α |
|
| |||
| Bis(peroxido)vanadium species (Bpv) (V(V)) | NF-κΒ signaling | (1) NF-κB activation | 10 μM29,Α |
| (2) Neuroprotection | 0.2 mg/kg/day41,B | ||
|
| |||
| Vanadyl sulphate (V(IV)) | B cell morphology | (1) B cell morphology maintenance (2) Prevention and/or treatment of B cell lesions induced by streptozotocin treatment |
0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00 mg/mL17,B |
|
| |||
| Vanadium(IV) oxido complex N,N′-Bis(salicylidene)-O-phenylenediamine vanadium(IV) oxide (V(IV)) |
NF-κΒ signaling | Modulation of both ERK and NF-κB pathways | 7–25 μM28,Α |
|
| |||
| Vanadium(III)-(L-cysteine) (V(III)) | Antioxidant defense, inflammation | (1) Prevention of cisplatin generation of ROS (2) Restoration of renal antioxidant enzymes (3) Chemoprotectant in cisplatin therapy |
1–10 μM40,Α
1 mg/kg40,B |
|
| |||
| Ti-Al-V alloy surfaces | TLR signaling | (1) Reduction of TLR4 mRNA (2) Proinflammatory interleukins, cell death, and apoptosis |
N/A35,Α |