Table 3.
Multivariable models of risk of death stratified by stage.
| Stage IB–IIA1 | Stage IIB–IVA2 | Stage IVB3 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Histology | ||||
| Squamous cell | Referent | Referent | Referent | |
| Adenocarcinoma | 0.86 (0.80–0.92)* | 1.19 (1.11–1.27)* | 1.05 (0.89–1.25) | |
| Neuroendocrine | 2.96 (2.48–3.52)* | 1.70 (1.45–1.99)* | 1.14 (0.91–1.43) | |
| Year of diagnosis | ||||
| 1998 | Referent | Referent | Referent | |
| 1999 | 0.99 (0.88–1.10) | 1.29 (1.19–1.41)* | 1.06 (0.78–1.43) | |
| 2000 | 1.12 (1.00–1.24)* | 1.39 (1.27–1.51)* | 1.10 (0.81–1.48) | |
| 2001 | 1.09 (0.97–1.22) | 1.47 (1.35–1.60)* | 1.13 (0.84–1.51) | |
| 2002 | 1.30 (1.16–1.45)* | 1.49 (1.37–1.62)* | 1.03 (0.76–1.39) | |
| 2003 | 0.85 (0.76–0.95)* | 0.81 (0.74–0.87)* | 1.01 (0.76–1.35) | |
| 2004 | 1.03 (0.92–1.15) | 0.83 (0.77–0.90)* | 0.95 (0.72–1.26) | |
| 2005 | 0.95 (0.85–1.06) | 0.81 (0.75–0.88)* | 0.96 (0.72–1.27) | |
| 2006 | 0.98 (0.87–1.10) | 0.79 (0.73–0.86)* | 0.87 (0.66–1.15) | |
| Age | ||||
| <30 | Referent | Referent | Referent | |
| 30–39 | 0.87 (0.75–1.01) | 1.01 (0.87–1.18) | 1.17 (0.64–2.14) | |
| 40–49 | 1.00 (0.87–1.15) | 1.02 (0.88–1.18) | 1.00 (0.56–1.79) | |
| 50–59 | 1.30 (1.12–1.50)* | 1.02 (0.88–1.19) | 1.25 (0.70–2.22) | |
| 60–69 | 1.73 (1.49–2.01)* | 1.07 (0.92–1.25) | 1.44 (0.81–2.58) | |
| ≥70 | 2.83 (2.41–3.32)* | 1.43 (1.22–1.67)* | 1.50 (0.83–2.73) | |
| Race | ||||
| White | Referent | Referent | Referent | |
| Black | 1.16 (1.08–1.25)* | 0.99 (0.94–1.04) | 0.82 (0.69–0.97)* | |
| Hispanic | 0.73 (0.66–0.81)* | 0.71 (0.66–0.76)* | 0.76 (0.58–0.99)* | |
| Other | 0.74 (0.64–0.86)* | 0.72 (0.65–0.80)* | 0.63 (0.42–0.94)* | |
| Unknown | 0.80 (0.61–1.05) | 0.91 (0.72–1.14) | 0.93 (0.57–1.51) | |
| Insurance status | ||||
| Commercial | Referent | Referent | Referent | |
| Medicare | 1.61 (1.46–1.77)* | 1.27 (1.19–1.36)* | 1.14 (0.93–1.40) | |
| Medicaid | 1.61 (1.48–1.76)* | 1.17 (1.10–1.24)* | 1.09 (0.89–1.33) | |
| Uninsured | 1.40 (1.25–1.57)* | 1.01 (0.94–1.08) | 1.21 (0.98–1.49) | |
| Other | 1.38 (1.01–1.88)* | 1.24 (1.01–1.52)* | 1.29 (0.65–2.56) | |
| Unknown | 1.19 (1.05–1.35)* | 1.19 (1.09–1.31)* | 1.02 (0.75–1.40) | |
| Region | ||||
| Northeast | Referent | Referent | Referent | |
| Midwest | 0.98 (0.90–1.07) | 1.02 (0.96–1.08) | 0.98 (0.80–1.19) | |
| South | 1.03 (0.95–1.12) | 1.02 (0.97–1.08) | 0.87 (0.73–1.03) | |
| West | 0.90 (0.82–0.99)* | 1.09 (1.02–1.16)* | 1.03 (0.81–1.30) | |
| Location | ||||
| Metropolitan | Referent | Referent | Referent | |
| Urban | 1.12 (1.04–1.21)* | 1.01 (0.96–1.07) | 1.00 (0.83–1.20) | |
| Rural | 0.99 (0.81–1.20) | 0.93 (0.81–1.08) | 1.38 (0.93–2.03) | |
| Unknown | 1.00 (0.89–1.14) | 1.02 (0.94–1.12) | 1.18 (0.90–1.54) | |
| Hospital type | ||||
| Academic | Referent | Referent | Referent | |
| Community cancer program | 0.98 (0.88–1.10) | 1.04 (0.96–1.11) | 1.11 (0.89–1.39) | |
| Comprehensive community cancer program | 1.07 (1.01–1.14)* | 1.06 (1.01–1.10)* | 1.24 (1.07–1.43)* | |
| Other | 1.18 (0.94–1.49) | 1.01 (0.88–1.16) | 0.95 (0.65–1.40) | |
| Stage | ||||
| IB1 | Referent | — | — | |
| IB2 | 1.41 (1.24–1.61)* | — | — | |
| IB NOS (IB, IB NOS) | 1.95 (1.80–2.11)* | — | — | |
| IIA | 2.36 (2.02–2.75)* | — | — | |
| IIB | — | Referent | — | |
| IIIA | — | 1.61 (1.47–1.77)* | — | |
| IIIB | — | 1.83 (1.75–1.91)* | — | |
| IVA | — | 2.73 (2.55–2.94)* | — | |
| Treatment | ||||
| Surgery | Referent | — | — | |
| Radiation | 2.54 (2.38–2.71)* | — | — | |
| No therapy | — | — | — | |
| Unknown | — | — | — | |
| Chemotherapy | ||||
| Yes | — | Referent | Referent | |
| No | — | 1.47 (1.41–1.55)* | 1.86 (1.61–2.15)* | |
| Unknown | — | 1.17 (0.98–1.40) | 0.88 (0.61–1.27) | |
Adjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence interval).
1
Limited to patients who received primary treatment with either radiation or surgery (n=23,758)
2
Limited to patients who received radiation (n=16,535)
3
Patients in no treatment group (n=1069)
*
Indicates P value <0.05