Fig. 2.

Ginsenoside Rd (GSRd) alleviates renal tissue injury caused by ischemia/reperfusion. (A) Hematoxylin–eosin (H&E) staining showed that ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) caused severe renal tissue damage compared to the sham group. Leukocyte infiltration and tissue structure damage were mainly appeared on group IRI+vehicle and IRI+10. Tissue morphology started to improve from a GSRd concentration of 20 mg/kg. Tubular cell swelling and inflammatory cell infiltration significantly reduced on group IRI+50 and IRI+100. (B) Histology score assessed by two senior pathologists showed the improvement of tissue injury of the group receiving GSRd treatment. (Eight randomly-selected fields/slice, n = 6 mice for each group, values represent mean ± standard deviation in the histograms, ***p < 0.0001 vs. vehicle.)