Fig. 5.

Ginsenoside Rd suppresses M1 macrophage secreted inflammatory cytokines in vitro. Twenty-four hours after adding lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/interferon (IFN)-γ, expression of (A) tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, (B) interleukin (IL)-12, and (C) iNOS were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction. (n = 8/group; values represent mean ± standard deviation in the histograms, *p < 0.05 vs. vehicle, **p < 0.01 vs. vehicle.)