Table 1.

Characteristics of Fontan Adolescents

Variable	All (N=156)	Norwood (n=63)	Non‐Norwood (n=93)	P Value
	Percent, Mean±SD, or Median (IQR)
Preoperative characteristics
Birth weight, kg	3.3±0.6	3.4±0.6	3.2±0.7	0.09
Gestational age, wk	38.9±2.2	39.2±2.0	38.8±2.4	0.27
Male	61	67	57	0.25
Race				0.15
Asian	3	0	4
Black	4	6	3
White	93	94	92
Hispanic ethnicity	12	10	14	0.46
Cardiac diagnosis				<0.001
HLHS	26	65	0
Tricuspid atresia	19	14	23
DORV	12	6	16
DILV	12	13	11
Heterotaxy syndrome	11	2	17
Complex TGA	8	0	13
PA/IVS	6	0	11
Unbalanced AV canal	3	0	4
Mitral atresia	1	0	2
Other	2	0	3
Genetic abnormality	42	30	49	0.02
Status at first operation
Age, d	6 (3–22)	5 (3–8)	7 (3–87)	0.01
Neonatal status, age ≤30 d	78	95	67	<0.001
Open procedure	59	100	31	<0.001
Patients undergoing DHCA (if open)	71	91	15	<0.001
DHCA duration, min (if open)	42 (0–56)	49 (33–58)	0 (0–0)	<0.001
Total support duration, min (if open)	121 (99–141)	125 (115–150)	81 (66–107)	<0.001
No. of operative complications				<0.001
0	43	17	61
1	22	22	22
≥2	35	60	16
Medical history
Total No. of operations				<0.001
1 or 2	18	3	28
3	64	84	51
4 or 5	18	13	22
Total No. of open operations				<0.001
1	9	0	15
2	39	3	63
≥3	52	97	22
Total No. of operative complications				<0.001
0	15	5	23
1 to 5	67	67	68
≥6	17	29	10
Total No. of catheterizations				0.56
1 or 2	11	14	9
3 to 5	69	67	70
≥6	21	19	22
Total No. of catheterization complications				0.97
0	49	51	48
1 or 2	40	40	41
≥3	10	10	11
New York Heart Association functional class				0.16
I	29	25	31
II	63	62	63
III	8	13	5
Seizure	15	24	9	0.01
Any neurological eventa	25	31	22	0.26
Use of special services	86	90	83	0.24
Tutoring	56	65	49	0.07
Grade retention	23	21	25	0.70
Early intervention	57	60	55	0.51
Occupational therapy	54	62	48	0.10
Physical therapy	51	62	44	0.03
Special education	35	44	29	0.06
Psychotherapy and counseling	45	49	42	0.41
Family social statusb	50±13	48±13	51±13	0.09
Age at developmental testing, y	14.5±2.9	14.1±2.8	14.7±3.1	0.22

Values are represented as percentages, mean±SD, or median (IQR). P values are determined by Fisher's exact tests for categorical variables (except for New York Heart Association class, which used a Cochran–Armitage trend test), analysis of variance for variables with means reported, and Kruskal–Wallis tests for variables with medians reported. AV indicates atrioventricular; DHCA, deep hypothermic circulatory arrest; DILV, double inlet left ventricle; DORV, double outlet right ventricle; HLHS, hypoplastic left heart syndrome; PA/IVS, pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum; TGA, transposition of the great arteries.

^aIncludes stroke, seizure, choreoathetosis, and meningitis.

^bScore on Hollingshead Four Factor Index of Social Status, with higher scores indicating higher social status.