Skip to main content
. 2015 Dec 14;4(12):e002302. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.115.002302

Table 3.

Neuropsychological Outcomes of Fontan Adolescents

Variable All (N=156) Norwood (n=63) Non‐Norwood (n=93) P Value, All Fontan Versus Referenta P Value, Norwood Versus Non‐Norwooda P Value, Norwood Versus Expected Population Meanb P Value, Non‐Norwood Versus Expected Population Meanb
Mean±SD
Wechsler Intelligence Scales, Combined
Full‐Scale IQ 91.6±16.8 86.0±17.6 95.5±15.2 <0.001 0.001 <0.001 0.005
Verbal Comprehension 97.6±15.4 91.1±15.7 101.9±13.6 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.17
Perceptual Reasoning 92.6±16.3 88.6±17.4 95.3±15.1 <0.001 0.02 <0.001 0.004
Working Memory 92.7±15.8 89.8±15.9 94.7±15.5 <0.001 0.12 <0.001 0.001
Processing Speed 87.4±16.4 83.0±16.7 90.4±15.5 <0.001 0.009 <0.001 <0.001
Wechsler Individual Achievement Test
Reading Composite 91.9±17.2 87.3±18.0 95.0±16.1 <0.001 0.02 <0.001 0.004
Mathematics Composite 92.0±22.9 85.8±22.9 96.1±22.1 <0.001 0.02 <0.001 0.09
Children's Memory Scale General Memory Indexc 93.9±21.5 89.3±23.4 97.3±19.3 0.001 0.10 0.002 0.25
Wechsler Memory Scale Composited 87.4±16.1 80.7±17.6 90.3±14.8 <0.001 0.09 0.005 0.003
Executive Function Summary Score 8.6±2.2 8.1±2.3 8.9±2.1 <0.001 0.0499 <0.001 <0.001
Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function
Parent 57.6±12.1 58.7±11.8 56.8±12.3 <0.001 0.46 <0.001 <0.001
Teacher 60.9±16.0 63.6±16.1 58.9±15.8 0.003 0.17 <0.001 <0.001
Self‐reporte 49.9±11.4 51.1±11.9 49.2±11.1 <0.001 0.48 0.53 0.53
Test of Visual‐Perceptual Skills Compositef 85.2±17.9 81.9±18.3 87.5±17.4 <0.001 0.20 <0.001 <0.001
Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figureg
Copy: Organization 6.7±3.3 5.8±3.0 7.4±3.4 <0.001 0.007 <0.001 <0.001
Structural Element 24.0±2.4 23.2±3.5 24.6±1.1 <0.001 0.001 <0.001 0.01
Incidental Element 37.2±3.6 36.2±4.5 37.8±2.7 <0.001 0.006 <0.001 <0.001
Immediate Recall: Organization 5.6±3.5 4.5±3.3 6.4±3.5 <0.001 0.003 <0.001 <0.001
Structural Element 19.3±5.4 17.5±6.4 20.5±4.3 <0.001 0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Incidental Element 24.6±8.5 22.1±8.8 26.2±8.0 <0.001 0.002 <0.001 0.004
Sense of Direction Scaleg 44.6±10.7 43.6±11.4 45.3±10.2 0.002 0.29 0.003 0.02
Parent Conners’ ADHD Index T Score 60.0±13.4 61.6±13.7 58.9±13.2 <0.001 0.34 <0.001 <0.001
Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test Scoreg 18.6±5.9 16.9±5.8 19.6±5.8 <0.001 0.02 <0.001 <0.001
Toronto Alexithymia Scale Total Scoreg 50.8±10.9 52.2±12.2 50.0±10.0 0.02 0.24 0.04 0.07
Autism Spectrum Quotientg 17.5±5.2 18.8±5.7 16.7±4.6 <0.001 0.03 <0.001 0.02

Values are mean±SD. Missing <10% of outcomes except for Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function–Teacher (Fontan: n=90; referent: n=42), Test of Visual‐Perceptual Skills (Fontan: n=93; referent: n=96), Reading the Mind in the Eyes (Fontan: n=140; referent: n=98), and the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (referent: n=66) tasks. ADHD indicates attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

a

P values are determined by linear regression with adjustment for concurrent family social status.

b

P values are determined by 1‐sample t tests comparing the Fontan group with expected population means of 100, 10, or 50, as appropriate.

c

Outcomes are based on those Fontan subjects (n=120) and referents (n=97) aged <17 years.

d

Outcomes are based on those Fontan subjects (n=36) and referents (n=14) aged ≥17 years.

e

Outcomes are based on those Fontan subjects (n=134) and referents (n=109) aged ≥11 years.

f

Outcomes are based on those Fontan subjects (n=119) and referents (n=105) aged ≥12 years.

g

Expected population means are not available; P values are determined by linear regression comparing the Fontan group and the referent group with adjustment for concurrent family social status.