Table 5.
Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings of Fontan and Referent Adolescents
| Variable | Fontan | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All (n=144) | Norwood (n=59) | Non‐Norwood (n=85) | Referent (n=105) | P Value, All Fontan Versus Referent | P Value, Norwood Versus Non‐Norwood | |
| n/Total N (%) | ||||||
| Any abnormality | 69/105 (66) | 30/42 (71) | 39/63 (62) | 6/94 (6) | <0.001 | 0.40 |
| Focal or multifocal abnormality | 64/106 (60) | 27/42 (64) | 37/64 (58) | 1/94 (1) | <0.001 | 0.55 |
| Focal infarction or atrophy | 19/144 (13) | 7/59 (12) | 12/85 (14) | 0/105 (0) | <0.001 | 0.80 |
| Brain mineralization/iron deposit | 57/106 (54) | 23/42 (55) | 34/64 (53) | 1/94 (1) | <0.001 | 1.0 |
| Diffuse abnormality | 12/133 (9) | 6/53 (11) | 6/80 (8) | 2/104 (2) | 0.03 | 0.54 |
| Myelination delay | 0/144 (0) | 0/59 (0) | 0/85 (0) | 0/104 (0) | — | — |
| Ventriculomegaly | 3/144 (2) | 1/59 (2) | 2/85 (2) | 0/104 (0) | 0.27 | 1.0 |
| Abnormal T2 hyperintensities | 9/133 (7) | 5/53 (9) | 4/80 (5) | 2/105 (2) | 0.12 | 0.48 |
| Generalized abnormality | 0/144 (0) | 0/59 (0) | 0/85 (0) | 0/104 (0) | — | — |
| Developmental abnormality | 6/144 (4) | 1/59 (2) | 5/85 (6) | 4/104 (4) | 1.0 | 0.40 |
| Major malformationa | 1/144 (1) | 0/59 (0) | 1/85 (1) | 0/104 (0) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Minor malformationb | 5/144 (3) | 1/59 (2) | 4/85 (5) | 4/104 (4) | 1.0 | 0.65 |
Values are n/total N (%). P values are determined by Fisher's exact tests.
a
The major malformation is agenesis of the corpus callosum.
b
Minor malformations include arachnoid cyst, absent septal leaflets, pericallosal lipoma, and periventricular cycts in the left and right frontal lobes in the Fontan group and polymicrogyria, Chiari malformation, developmental venous anomaly in the right parietal lobe, and pineal cyst in the referent group.