. 2015 Dec 10;4(12):e002136. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.115.002136

Table 2.

Multivariable Logistic Regression Models for Predicting AKI, AKIN Stage 2, CIN, and Dialysis Selected Using LASSO With Maximumized Cross‐Validation

Risk Factor	AKI	AKIN 2	CIN	Dialysis
Risk Factor	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)
Comorbidities
Age	1.01 (1.01–1.01)^a	1.00 (1.00–1.00)	1.00 (1.00–1.00)	1.00 (1.00–1.00)
Nonwhite race	1.10 (1.06–1.15)^a	1.14 (1.09–1.18)^a	1.01 (0.98–1.05)	1.26 (1.22–1.30)^a
Tobacco use (any)	0.90 (0.86–0.95)^a	0.92 (0.88–0.97)^a	0.98 (0.93–1.03)	0.82 (0.79–0.86)^a
Prior tobacco use	0.99 (0.94–1.04)	1.00 (0.95–1.05)	1.00 (0.95–1.05)	1.00 (0.96–1.04)
Prior comorbidities
0 to 1 days from catheterization	0.60 (0.50–0.72)^a	0.87 (0.74–1.03)	0.89 (0.77–1.03)	0.70 (0.61–0.81)^a
0 to 2 days from catheterization	0.88 (0.73–1.05)	0.90 (0.76–1.05)	0.61 (0.53–0.71)^a	1.00 (0.87–1.15)
Prior PCI	0.79 (0.76–0.82)^a	0.79 (0.76–0.82)^a	0.83 (0.80–0.86)^a	0.89 (0.87–0.92)^a
Prior CABG	0.82 (0.77–0.86)^a	0.87 (0.83–0.92)^a	0.86 (0.82–0.90)^a	0.84 (0.80–0.88)^a
Prior MI	1.00 (0.95–1.06)	0.97 (0.92–1.02)	1.00 (0.95–1.05)	1.00 (0.96–1.05)
Prior stroke	1.06 (1.00–1.13)	0.88 (0.83–0.93)^a	1.02 (0.96–1.08)	0.93 (0.88–0.98)^a
Diabetes	1.10 (1.06–1.15)^a	1.30 (1.25–1.36)^a	1.25 (1.20–1.29)^a	1.35 (1.30–1.39)^a
Dyslipidemia	0.78 (0.74–0.82)^a	0.95 (0.91–1.00)^a	0.87 (0.83–0.91)^a	0.73 (0.70–0.75)^a
Hypertension	0.90 (0.86–0.94)^a	1.21 (1.15–1.26)^a	1.04 (0.99–1.08)	0.91 (0.88–0.95)^a
Hypotension	0.96 (0.89–1.04)	0.99 (0.92–1.07)	0.88 (0.83–0.94)^a	1.00 (0.94–1.07)
Mitral regurgitation	0.89 (0.71–1.12)	0.81 (0.65–1.01)	1.03 (0.83–1.28)	0.34 (0.29–0.41)^a
Peripheral vascular disease	1.09 (1.03–1.15)^a	1.11 (1.06–1.17)^a	1.00 (0.95–1.05)	1.00 (0.96–1.04)
Number of prior comorbid events
Number of prior admissions	0.98 (0.96–1.00)^a	0.98 (0.96–1.00)^a	1.00 (0.99–1.02)	0.95 (0.93–0.96)^a
CHF	1.17 (1.04–1.33)^a	1.14 (1.02–1.29)^a	1.04 (0.94–1.16)	0.85 (0.78–0.93)^a
CHF 7 to 365 days	1.13 (1.07–1.18)^a	1.23 (1.17–1.29)^a	1.08 (1.04–1.13)^a	1.08 (1.04–1.12)^a
CKD	1.00 (0.99–1.02)	1.00 (0.98–1.02)	0.99 (0.98–1.01)	1.04 (1.02–1.07)^a
Diabetes	1.00 (1.00–1.01)^a	1.00 (1.00–1.00)	1.00 (1.00–1.01)	1.00 (1.00–1.00)
Dyslipidemia	1.00 (0.99–1.01)	0.99 (0.98–0.99)^a	0.99 (0.98–1.00)^a	1.00 (0.99–1.01)
Hypertension	0.99 (0.99–1.00)^a	1.00 (0.99–1.00)	1.00 (1.00–1.00)	0.99 (0.98–0.99)^a
Hypoalbuminemia 7 to 30 days	1.26 (1.10–1.44)^a	1.09 (0.95–1.25)	1.19 (1.06–1.33)^a	1.19 (1.07–1.31)^a
Hypoalbuminemia 7 to 90 days	1.05 (0.95–1.15)	1.33 (1.20–1.47)^a	1.14 (1.05–1.24)^a	1.00 (0.93–1.08)
Hypotension	0.97 (0.95–1.00)	0.99 (0.96–1.02)	0.98 (0.96–1.01)	0.96 (0.93–0.98)^a
Peripheral vascular disease	1.00 (0.99–1.01)	1.00 (0.99–1.01)	1.00 (1.00–1.01)	1.02 (1.01–1.02)^a
Shock events	0.66 (0.37–1.16)	0.65 (0.37–1.15)	0.55 (0.31–0.95)^a	0.76 (0.47–1.24)
CHF Events	1.06 (1.03–1.09)^a	1.03 (1.00–1.05)^a	1.09 (1.07–1.12)^a	1.00 (0.98–1.02)
CKD events	0.95 (0.88–1.04)	0.94 (0.87–1.02)	0.92 (0.87–0.97)^a	0.93 (0.86–1.01)
Dyslipidemia events	0.96 (0.93–0.99)^a	1.00 (0.97–1.03)	0.98 (0.95–1.01)	1.00 (0.98–1.02)
Prior renal complications and function
Prior CKD	1.09 (1.01–1.18)^a	1.00 (0.93–1.08)	0.83 (0.79–0.89)^a	1.73 (1.60–1.87)^a
Prior AKI (KDIGO)	1.88 (1.73–2.04)^a	1.72 (1.59–1.86)^a	1.58 (1.48–1.68)^a	1.44 (1.36–1.53)^a
Prior highest AKIN Stage	1.14 (1.08–1.21)^a	1.24 (1.17–1.31)^a	1.00 (0.96–1.05)	1.35 (1.29–1.41)^a
Prior CIN (>0.5)	1.07 (0.99–1.15)	1.13 (1.05–1.21)^a	1.35 (1.27–1.44)^a	0.88 (0.83–0.94)^a
Prior ARF (ICD9)	1.04 (0.94–1.16)	1.02 (0.93–1.13)	0.99 (0.91–1.07)	1.11 (1.03–1.21)^a
Number of prior AKI admissions	0.68 (0.13–3.48)	1.00 (0.10–9.78)	0.94 (0.23–3.88)	1.58 (0.07–36.35)
Number prior CKD admissions	1.10 (0.70–1.70)	1.28 (0.72–2.26)	0.93 (0.69–1.25)	1.41 (0.77–2.57)
Change in eGFR prior year	1.00 (1.00–1.00)^a	0.99 (0.99–1.00)^a	0.98 (0.98–0.98)^a	1.00 (1.00–1.00)
Decline in eGFR prior year	1.01 (1.00–1.01)^a	1.01 (1.01–1.02)^a	1.01 (1.00–1.01)^a	1.00 (1.00–1.00)
CKD	1.13 (1.02–1.25)^a	1.00 (0.91–1.10)	0.91 (0.84–0.99)^a	1.34 (1.22–1.46)^a
eGFR <60, mL/min per m²	1.37 (1.28–1.47)^a	1.50 (1.41–1.60)^a	1.28 (1.21–1.35)^a	1.19 (1.14–1.25)^a
eGFR <45, mL/min per m²	1.31 (1.14–1.52)^a	1.37 (1.20–1.56)^a	1.40 (1.27–1.55)^a	2.02 (1.80–2.27)^a
eGFR <30, mL/min per m²	2.06 (1.29–3.27)^a	3.81 (1.82–8.00)^a	2.74 (2.06–3.64)^a	5.52 (1.76–17.29)^a
Presenting medication use
ARB	0.94 (0.88–0.99)^a	0.93 (0.88–0.98)^a	0.93 (0.88–0.98)^a	0.89 (0.85–0.94)^a
ACE	0.99 (0.95–1.03)	1.00 (0.97–1.04)	1.00 (0.97–1.03)	0.85 (0.82–0.87)^a
Loop diuretic	1.08 (1.03–1.14)^a	1.15 (1.09–1.21)^a	1.08 (1.03–1.13)^a	1.38 (1.32–1.44)^a
K‐sparing diuretic	1.02 (0.94–1.10)	1.00 (0.93–1.08)	0.97 (0.91–1.04)	0.79 (0.74–0.84)^a
Statins	0.87 (0.84–0.91)^a	0.83 (0.80–0.86)^a	0.86 (0.84–0.90)^a	0.76 (0.74–0.79)^a
Aminoglycosides	0.73 (0.47–1.12)	1.00 (0.64–1.57)	1.00 (0.65–1.54)	0.89 (0.62–1.28)
Cimetidine	0.64 (0.43–0.94)^a	0.55 (0.39–0.77)^a	1.00 (0.65–1.53)	0.78 (0.56–1.09)
Cyclosporine	1.00 (0.72–1.40)	1.00 (0.71–1.40)	1.00 (0.74–1.36)	1.22 (0.87–1.70)
N‐acetylcysteine	0.80 (0.73–0.88)^a	0.78 (0.72–0.85)^a	0.74 (0.68–0.81)^a	0.84 (0.77–0.91)^a
NSAIDS	0.87 (0.83–0.91)^a	1.00 (0.96–1.05)	0.93 (0.89–0.98)^a	0.96 (0.93–1.00)^a
Trimethoprim	0.88 (0.73–1.05)	1.00 (0.83–1.21)	1.00 (0.83–1.21)	1.00 (0.86–1.17)
Thrombolytic	0.94 (0.34–2.58)	1.00 (0.33–3.02)	1.00 (0.40–2.51)	1.00 (0.46–2.17)
Clinical presentation
Elective	0.87 (0.79–0.95)^a	0.60 (0.55–0.65)^a	0.87 (0.80–0.94)^a	0.82 (0.76–0.87)^a
Urgent	1.21 (1.10–1.33)^a	1.00 (0.91–1.10)	1.16 (1.06–1.26)^a	1.00 (0.93–1.08)
Emergent	2.72 (2.32–3.18)^a	3.54 (2.96–4.24)^a	2.97 (2.59–3.40)^a	2.46 (2.19–2.75)^a
Salvage	4.87 (0.92–25.76)	8.05 (0.34–191.31)	4.16 (1.47–11.83)^a	1.78 (0.83–3.84)
Unstable angina	0.73 (0.70–0.77)^a	0.61 (0.58–0.63)^a	0.76 (0.73–0.80)^a	1.00 (0.96–1.04)
Shock	4.46 (2.30–8.67)^a	4.76 (1.99–11.39)^a	4.76 (2.97–7.65)^a	4.14 (2.69–6.40)^a
Hypertension	0.94 (0.91–0.98)^a	0.86 (0.83–0.89)^a	0.96 (0.93–1.00)^a	0.96 (0.94–0.99)^a
Hypotension	1.04 (0.99–1.08)	1.30 (1.24–1.35)^a	1.16 (1.11–1.20)^a	1.00 (0.97–1.04)
Ejection fraction ≤40%	1.13 (1.03–1.24)^a	0.96 (0.88–1.04)	1.12 (1.03–1.21)^a	1.00 (0.93–1.07)
Acute coronary syndrome	1.33 (1.26–1.39)^a	1.13 (1.08–1.18)^a	1.24 (1.19–1.29)^a	1.08 (1.04–1.12)^a
Pre‐creatine‐kinase ≥100	0.88 (0.82–0.95)^a	1.00 (0.93–1.07)	0.94 (0.88–1.00)	1.00 (0.94–1.06)
Pre CKMB ≥2.66	1.18 (1.06–1.31)^a	1.00 (0.91–1.10)	1.13 (1.04–1.24)^a	1.00 (0.93–1.08)
Prepresent MI	1.06 (0.99–1.13)	1.10 (1.03–1.18)^a	1.06 (1.00–1.13)	1.04 (0.99–1.10)
Dyslipidemia	0.96 (0.92–1.01)	0.98 (0.94–1.03)	1.00 (0.96–1.05)	0.81 (0.79–0.84)^a
Anemia	1.30 (1.25–1.36)^a	1.23 (1.18–1.27)^a	1.28 (1.23–1.32)^a	1.16 (1.12–1.19)^a
Preprocedural volume supplementation
No IV fluids	1.02 (0.98–1.06)	1.00 (0.96–1.04)	1.00 (0.96–1.04)	0.96 (0.93–0.99)^a
1 to 999 (mL) IV fluids	1.02 (0.95–1.09)	1.00 (0.94–1.07)	1.00 (0.94–1.07)	1.00 (0.94–1.06)
1000+ (mL) IV fluids	1.02 (0.96–1.09)	0.99 (0.93–1.06)	1.02 (0.96–1.09)	1.00 (0.95–1.05)

ACE indicates angiotensin‐converting enzyme; AKI, acute kidney injury; AKIN, acute kidney injury network; ARB, angiotensin receptor blockers; ARF, acute renal failure; CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; CHF, congestive heart failure; CIN, contrast‐induced nephropathy; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CKMB, creatinine kinase, muscle and brain subunits; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ICD9, Current Procedural Terminology and International Statistical Classification of Diseases, 9^th Revision; IV, intravenous; KDIGO, kidney disease improving global outcomes; LASSO, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator; MI, myocardial infarction; NSAIDS, nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs; OR, odds ratio; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention.

P<0.05.