TABLE 3.
Baseline Sociodemographic and Clinical Characteristics, Second-Line Treatment Cohort
| Atomoxetine | Stimulant | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unweighted | Inverse PS Weighteda | Unweighted | Inverse PS Weighteda | |||
| N (%) | 56 948 | (25.9) | — | 163 267 | (74.1) | — |
| Mean age at initial treatment (± SD) | 8.31 | (2.6) | 8.46 | 8.58 | (2.8) | 8.53 |
| Mean atomoxetine start/match age (± SD) | 9.88 | (2.8) | 10.07 | 10.14 | (3.0) | 10.07 |
| Mean end age, y (± SD) | 11.82 | (3.0) | 11.71 | 11.55 | (3.2) | 11.58 |
| Mean follow-up, y (± SD) | 3.51 | (1.7) | 3.25 | 2.97 | (1.8) | 3.05 |
| Mean time to switch/match, y (± SD) | 1.57 | (1.3) | 1.56 | 1.56 | (1.3) | 1.55 |
| Mean follow-up after switch/match (± SD) | 1.94 | (1.1) | 1.65 | 1.41 | (1.1) | 1.50 |
| Male gender (%) | 40 657 | (71.4) | (70.4) | 114 426 | (70.1) | (70.4) |
| Age, y, n (%) | ||||||
| 5 | 2453 | (4.3) | (4.2) | 6396 | (3.9) | (4.1) |
| 6–8 | 22 697 | (39.9) | (37.4) | 60 744 | (37.2) | (37.9) |
| 9–11 | 19 108 | (33.6) | (33.5) | 54 866 | (33.6) | (33.5) |
| 12–14 | 9305 | (16.3) | (17.6) | 28 819 | (17.7) | (17.3) |
| 15–18 | 3385 | (5.9) | (7.4) | 12 442 | (7.6) | (7.2) |
| Race/ethnicity, n (%) | ||||||
| Caucasian | 39 564 | (69.5) | (61.5) | 95 877 | (58.7) | (61.5) |
| Black | 12 035 | (21.1) | (27.2) | 48 086 | (29.5) | (27.3) |
| Hispanic | 3494 | (6.1) | (7.8) | 13 590 | (8.3) | (7.8) |
| Other | 1855 | (3.3) | (3.4) | 5714 | (3.5) | (3.4) |
| Reason for Medicaid eligibility, n (%) | ||||||
| TANF | 5871 | (10.3) | (9.0) | 13 786 | (8.4) | (9.0) |
| Foster care | 6462 | (11.3) | (11.9) | 19 991 | (12.2) | (11.9) |
| SSI | 1304 | (2.3) | (2.0) | 3026 | (1.9) | (2.0) |
| Calendar year, n (%) | ||||||
| 2003 | 25 839 | (45.4) | (32.6) | 45 830 | (28.1) | (32.6) |
| 2004 | 17 022 | (29.9) | (23.9) | 35 602 | (21.8) | (23.9) |
| 2005 | 8487 | (14.9) | (20.6) | 37 238 | (22.8) | (20.8) |
| 2006 | 5600 | (9.8) | (22.8) | 44 597 | (27.3) | (22.8) |
| Index diagnosis, n % | ||||||
| ADHD with hyperactivity | 38 399 | (67.4) | (68.1) | 110 486 | (67.7) | (67.8) |
| ADHD without hyperactivity | 12 508 | (22.0) | (21.2) | 33 390 | (20.5) | (20.9) |
| Adjustment reaction | 6720 | (11.8) | (10.9) | 17 208 | (10.5) | (10.9) |
| Disturbance of conduct | 4678 | (8.2) | (7.5) | 11 514 | (7.1) | (7.4) |
| Other or mixed emotional disturbances | 6243 | (11.0) | (9.9) | 15 170 | (9.3) | (9.7) |
| Unspecified emotional disturbance | 327 | (0.6) | (0.5) | 813 | (0.5) | (0.5) |
| Other mental comorbidities, n % | ||||||
| Substance use disorder | 521 | (0.9) | (0.8) | 1098 | (0.7) | (0.7) |
| Anxiety | 3358 | (5.9) | (5.2) | 7811 | (4.8) | (5.1) |
| Bipolar disorder | 2194 | (3.9) | (3.1) | 4536 | (2.8) | (3.1) |
| Schizophrenia | 154 | (0.3) | (0.2) | 316 | (0.2) | (0.2) |
| Depression | 4440 | (7.8) | (6.9) | 10 508 | (6.4) | (6.8) |
| Mild mental retardation | 116 | (0.2) | (0.2) | 398 | (0.2) | (0.2) |
| Tic disorder | 429 | (0.8) | (0.4) | 378 | (0.2) | (0.4) |
| Oppositional defiant disorder | 5793 | (10.2) | (9.1) | 13 976 | (8.6) | (9.0) |
| Psychosis | 412 | (0.7) | (0.6) | 803 | (0.5) | (0.6) |
| Other mental health diagnosis | 8620 | (15.1) | (14.3) | 22 552 | (13.8) | (14.2) |
| Distinct mental health disorders, n (%) | ||||||
| 0 | 5722 | (10.0) | (10.0) | 16 540 | (10.1) | (10.1) |
| 1 | 26 680 | (46.8) | (50.7) | 84 545 | (51.8) | (50.6) |
| 2 | 13 481 | (23.7) | (22.9) | 36 628 | (22.4) | (22.8) |
| 3 | 6312 | (11.1) | (9.9) | 15 472 | (9.5) | (9.9) |
| ≥4 | 4753 | (8.3) | (6.9) | 10 082 | (6.2) | (6.8) |
| Other comorbidities, n % | ||||||
| Obesity | 415 | (0.7) | (0.8) | 1368 | (0.8) | (0.8) |
| Smoking | 56 | (0.1) | (0.1) | 126 | (0.1) | (0.1) |
| Suicidal ideation | 20 | (0.035) | (0.04) | 66 | (0.040) | (0.04) |
| Suicide attempt | 29 | (0.051) | (0.04) | 47 | (0.029) | (0.04) |
| Non–mental health hospitalization | ||||||
| 0 | 56 345 | (98.9) | (99.1) | 161 860 | (99.1) | (99.1) |
| 1 | 556 | (1.0) | (0.9) | 1286 | (0.8) | (0.8) |
| ≥2 | 47 | (0.1) | (0.1) | 121 | (0.1) | (0.1) |
| Mental health hospitalization | ||||||
| 0 | 55 831 | (98.0) | (98.8) | 161 637 | (99.0) | (98.8) |
| 1 | 930 | (1.6) | (1.0) | 1376 | (0.8) | (1.0) |
| ≥2 | 187 | (0.3) | (0.2) | 254 | (0.2) | (0.2) |
| Psychotropic drug use, n (%) | ||||||
| Antidepressant | 11 296 | (19.8) | (16.6) | 25 390 | (15.6) | (16.6) |
| Antipsychotic | 8343 | (14.7) | (13.2) | 20 847 | (12.8) | (13.2) |
| Anticonvulsant | 4627 | (8.1) | (6.9) | 10 659 | (6.5) | (6.9) |
| Anxiolytic | 2258 | (4.0) | (3.6) | 5606 | (3.4) | (3.5) |
| Lithium | 390 | (0.7) | (0.5) | 759 | (0.5) | (0.5) |
| α-agonist | 7568 | (13.3) | (11.7) | 17 861 | (10.9) | (11.5) |
| Opioid analgesics | 3469 | (6.1) | (5.8) | 9000 | (5.5) | (5.7) |
| No. of psychotropic drug classes, n (%) | ||||||
| 0 | 36 347 | (63.8) | (67.5) | 112 288 | (68.8) | (67.5) |
| 1 | 13 304 | (23.4) | (21.8) | 34 596 | (21.2) | (21.8) |
| 2 | 5203 | (9.1) | (7.9) | 12 172 | (7.5) | (7.9) |
| 3 | 1748 | (3.1) | (2.4) | 3589 | (2.2) | (2.4) |
| ≥4 | 346 | (0.6) | (0.4) | 622 | (0.4) | (0.4) |
PS, propensity score; SSI, Supplemental Security Income; TANF, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families.
a
“Inverse PS weighted” denotes sample distributions of baseline characteristics after propensity score weighting.