Abstract
Objective
To explore the expression and prognosis significance of BC200 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients who received radical resection.
Methods
We used quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction to detect the expression level of BC200 in cancer tissue and paired adjacent normal tissue samples from 70 ESCC patients who received radical surgical resection and analyzed the correlation of the relative expression level of BC200 with clinical-pathological features and prognosis.
Results
We found that the relative expression of BC200 was significantly higher in ESCC tissues compared with adjacent normal tissue samples (P=0.023). But the expression of BC200 were not related to clinical-pathological features, such as age, TNM stages, and histological grade (P>0.05). Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that high expression levels of BC200 were correlated with poor prognosis in ESCC patients. Patients with a high level of BC200 had a shorter disease-free survival and overall survival than those with low BC200 expression (P=0.034 and P=0.031, respectively). On multivariate analysis, the hazard ratio (HR) of BC200 expression was 2.17 (95% confidence interval [CI]=1.12–4.19, P=0.022) for disease-free survival and 2.24 (95% CI=1.12–4.49, P=0.023) for overall survival.
Conclusion
Our results indicate that high expression of BC200 reflects poor prognosis and could serve as a novel predictive marker for ESCC patients who received radical resection.
Keywords: BC200, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, predictive marker, poor prognosis, long noncoding RNAs
Introduction
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most common and fatal malignancies in northern China, South Africa, Turkey, and Iran.1 Although great progress has been made in the diagnosis and treatment of ESCC in recent years, the 5-year survival rate is still <50%.2 The main reason is that it is difficult to diagnose ESCC at early stages of disease; most cases are diagnosed at the advanced stage.3,4 Although many genetic and epigenetic changes are found to be correlated with ESCC, the underlying mechanisms of carcinogenesis remain poorly understood. Therefore, it is necessary to identify new molecular markers associated with the progression of this disease and to find novel treatment targets for ESCC.
Long noncoding RNAs (LncRNAs) are RNA molecules whose length is longer than 200 nucleotides and are not translated into proteins. Recent evidences show that LncRNAs play important roles in numerous biological processes, including X-chromosome inactivation, genomic imprinting, chromatin modification, gene transcription, and splicing.5–8 Increasing evidence indicates that some LncRNAs are widely involved in the development and progression of ESCC. For example, a few studies showed that HOTAIR predicts negative prognosis and exhibits oncogenic activity in ESCC.9,10 Xie et al11 found that SPRY4-IT1 was also upregulated in ESCC and associated with poor prognosis. Li et al12 demonstrated that the relative level of UCA1 was significantly higher in ESCC tissues compared to the adjacent nontumor tissues, and remarkably higher expression of UCA1 was found in esophageal cancer cell lines compared with the immortalized esophageal epithelial cell line. The ESCC patients with higher UCA1 expression had an advanced clinical stage and a poorer prognosis than those with lower expression. They also indicated that downregulation of UCA1 decrease cell proliferation, migration, and invasion ability. However, research of LncRNAs in ESCC remains largely unknown.
BC200 is a noncoding RNA of about 200 bp that is selectively expressed in the primate nervous system and has been implicated in the regulation of local synaptodendritic protein synthesis in neurons and might be involved in the process of Alzheimer disease.13 BC200 RNA does not normally express in nonneuronal somatic cells. However, a study has demonstrated that BC200 is deregulated under certain neoplastic conditions, and is expressed in carcinomas of the breast, cervix, esophagus, lung, ovary, parotid, and tongue, but not in corresponding normal tissues.14 The expression of BC200 RNA in nonneural tumors may indicate a functional interrelationship with induction and/or progression of such tumors. However, the role of BC200 in ESCC is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the correlations between the expression of BC200 and the clinical-pathological features and survival outcomes of patients who received radical resection of ESCC.
Materials and methods
Patients and tissue samples
A total of 70 fresh cancer tissue and paired adjacent tissue samples were obtained from patients with ESCC, which were collected between August 2011 and May 2013. These patients underwent radical surgical resection without preoperative chemotherapy or radiotherapy at Henan Cancer Hospital and the First Hospital of Zhengzhou University in the People’s Republic of China. After surgical removal, all samples were processed and immediately stored in RNAlater RNA stabilization reagent at −80°C until RNA extraction. All the patients were pathologically confirmed to be ESCC and were histologically graded in accordance with the World Health Organization classification. Patients were staged according to the seventh version of the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system. The follow-up data were obtained by reviewing the outpatient charts and contacting the patients by telephone or email. The detailed clinical-pathological characteristics of the recruited patients are summarized in Table 1. All study subjects provided their written informed consents for the use of their tissue samples in the present study. This project was approved by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of Henan Cancer Hospital and the First Hospital of Zhengzhou University.
Table 1.
Clinicopathological characteristics of the 70 patients who received radical resection of ESCC
| Characteristic | N (%) |
|---|---|
| Sex | |
| Male | 46 (65.71) |
| Female | 24 (34.29) |
| Age (years) | |
| ≤60 | 21 (30.00) |
| >60 | 49 (70.00) |
| pT stage | |
| T1–2 | 15 (21.43) |
| T3–4 | 55 (78.57) |
| pN stage | |
| Negative | 38 (54.29) |
| Positive | 32 (45.71) |
| Histological grade | |
| 1–2 | 31 (44.29) |
| 3–4 | 39 (55.71) |
| TNM stage | |
| I–II | 45 (64.29) |
| III | 25 (35.71) |
| Cancer location | |
| Upper/middle | 52 (74.29) |
| Lower | 18 (25.71) |
| Adjuvant chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy | |
| Yes | 31 (44.29) |
| No | 39 (55.71) |
| BC200 expression | |
| Low | 35 (50.00) |
| High | 35 (50.00) |
| Relapse or metastasis | |
| Yes | 38 (54.29) |
| No | 32 (45.71) |
| Death | |
| Yes | 34 (48.57) |
| No | 36 (51.43) |
RNA isolation, reverse transcription, and quantitative PCR
Isolation of cancerous and noncancerous tissue specimens total RNA was extracted using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). The RNA was reverse transcribed into cDNA and quantified using the SYBR Green BC200 two-steps test Kits (Shanghai Novland Co., Shanghai, People’s Republic of China) according to manufacturer’s instructions and BC200 levels were quantified using the Applied Biosystems 7500 Fast Real-Time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) System. A 20 μL reverse transcription (RT) reaction mix contained 2×RT master mix 10 μL, RT enzyme mix 1 μL, BC200 (GAPDH) RT primer 1 μL, RNA 5 μL, and nuclease-free water 3 μL. The mix was incubated at 42°C for 15 minutes, 85°C for 15 seconds. A 20 μL PCR reaction mix contained 2×PCR master mix 10 μL, BC200 (GAPDH) primer 1 μL, cDNA product 2 μL, and nuclease-free water 7 μL. Total 40 cycles of amplification were performed, each cycle consisting of 94°C for 15 seconds and 62°C for 40 seconds. All reactions were run in triplicate. The sequence of specific BC200 RT primers was 5′-AGACCTGCCTGGGCAATATAGC-3′, GAPDH was 5′-CATGAGAAGTATGACAACAGCCT-3′. The sequences of specific BC200 PCR primers: forward, 5′-AGACCTGCCTGGGCAATATAGC-3′ and reverse, 5′-GTTGTTGCTTTGAGGGAAGTTACG-3′. The expression levels of BC200 were normalized to GAPDH (forward, 5′-CATGAGAAGTATGACAACAGCCT-3′ and reverse, 5′-AGTCCTTCCACGATACCAAAGT-3′). Following the amplification, the same threshold was set for analyzing all experiments to compare Ct values, the mean Ct value was determined from the triplicate PCRs. The expression levels of BC200 were normalized to the internal control GAPDH reference to obtain the relative threshold cycle (ΔCT). We considered the mean Ct value of paired adjacent normal tissue as a standard control. The relative expression levels of cancer tissue were calculated by the comparative CT (ΔΔCT) method, and relative expression folds (2−ΔΔCT) were calculated. And we grouped patients into high and low BC200 groups by a cut-off value determined based on the median cancer/adjacent tissue (control) ratio.15
Statistical analysis
Comparisons of BC200 expression between ESCC tissue and adjacent normal tissue were assessed with independent t-test. Overall survival (OS) was calculated from the date of surgery to the date of death or the last follow-up. Disease-free survival (DFS) was defined from the date of surgery to the date of local or distant recurrence or the date of the last follow-up. Patient survival rates were calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method, and statistically significant differences in survival were identified using the Cox proportional hazard regression model analysis. Chi-square test was used to estimate the correlation between clinical-pathological features with BC200 expression levels. Univariate and multivariate analysis was performed to identify the impact of clinical-pathological factors and BC200 expression level on DFS and OS in ESCC patients who received radical resection. All P-values were two tailed. The significance levels of P-value were considered <0.05. All analyses were carried out using the SPSS software version 20.0 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA) and GraphPad Prism 5.01 (GraphPad Software, Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA).
Results
BC200 expression was increased in ESCC tissue
We compared the expression level of BC200 between cancer and paired adjacent tissues. Our results showed that BC200 expression level was increased in 57.1% (40/70) of the tumor tissues, and was significantly higher than that of matched adjacent tissues (P=0.023, Figure 1). We then grouped patients into high and low BC200 groups by a cut-off value of 1.39, determined based on the median cancer/control ratio.
Figure 1.
BC200 expression was increased in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma tissues compared to the adjacent normal tissues (P=0.023).
Correlation of BC200 expression with clinical-pathological characteristics
Next we correlated BC200 expression levels with the clinical-pathological characteristics of patients with ESCC (Table 2). We failed to find the relative expression of BC200 that had any relation with other clinical-pathological characteristics such as patient age, T stage, sex, lymph node status, TNM stage, histological grade, pathological type, and location (Table 2).
Table 2.
The correlation of clinicopathological characteristics with BC200 expression
| Characteristics | BC200 Expression
|
P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Low N (%) | High N (%) | ||
| Sex | |||
| Male | 21 (60.00) | 25 (71.43) | 0.31 |
| Female | 14 (40.00) | 10 (28.57) | |
| Age (years) | |||
| ≤60 | 13 (37.14) | 8 (22.86) | 0.19 |
| >60 | 22 (62.86) | 27 (77.14) | |
| pT | |||
| T1–2 | 7 (20.00) | 8 (22.86) | 0.77 |
| T3–4 | 28 (80.00) | 27 (77.14) | |
| pN | |||
| Negative | 19 (54.29) | 19 (54.29) | 1.00 |
| Positive | 16 (45.71) | 16 (45.71) | |
| Histological grade | |||
| 1–2 | 17 (51.4) | 22 (37.1) | 0.22 |
| 3 | 18 (48.6) | 13 (62.9) | |
| TNM stage | |||
| I–II | 21 (60.00) | 24 (68.58) | 0.45 |
| III | 14 (40.00) | 11 (31.42) | |
| Cancer location | |||
| Upper/middle | 26 (74.29) | 23 (65.71) | 1.00 |
| Lower | 9 (25.71) | 12 (34.29) | |
High expression levels of BC200 are correlated with poor prognosis in ESCC patients
To further evaluate whether BC200 upregulation was linked to the prognosis of patients who have received radical resection of ESCC, we analyzed the prognostic value of BC200 expression levels in 70 cancer patients using Kaplan–Meier analysis and the log-rank test. The median follow-up period for the patients studied was 38 months. Among the 35 patients with high BC200 expression levels, 22 (62.86%) developed local and/or distant recurrence, and 20 (57.14%) died. However, 16 of 35 (45.71%) with low BC200 expression levels developed local and/or distant recurrence, and 14 (40.00%) patients died. Patients with a high level of BC200 had a shorter DFS than those with low BC200 expression (P=0.034, Figure 2). More importantly, the high BC200 expression group had shorter OS than the low expression group (P=0.031, Figure 3).
Figure 2.
Kaplan–Meier curve of BC200 expression of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by disease-free survival (P=0.034).
Figure 3.
Kaplan–Meier curve of BC200 expression of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by overall survival (P=0.031).
Univariate analysis was used to analyze association of various conventional clinical-pathological factors and BC200 levels with the DFS and OS. Our results showed that only BC200 expression was associated with DFS and OS, other traditional factors, such as lymph node status and TNM stage, histological grade, adjuvant chemotherapy, and/or radiotherapy, had no significant correlation with DFS and OS (Table 3). As TNM stage was a definitive predictive factor for ESCC patients, we further analyzed BC200 expression and TNM stage with multivariate Cox regression model, adjusting the multivariate analysis by TNM stage. The BC200 expression was identified as independent prognostic factor of poor prognosis for DFS and OS (hazard ratio [HR]=2.17, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.12–4.19, P=0.022; and HR=2.24, 95% CI=1.12–4.49, P=0.023; Table 4).
Table 3.
Univariate analysis of BC200 expression and clinical factors predictive of DFS and OS in 70 ESCC patients
| Factors | OS
|
DFS
|
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | P-value | HR (95% CI) | P-value | |
| BC200 | 2.08 (1.05–4.14) | 0.036 | 1.98 (1.03–3.79) | 0.039 |
| Age | 1.26 (0.59–2.70) | 0.556 | 1.52 (0.72–3.22) | 0.272 |
| Sex | 1.50 (0.76–2.96) | 0.240 | 1.19 (0.62–2.28) | 0.605 |
| Histological grade | 1.03 (0.52–2.02) | 0.939 | 0.83 (0.44–1.56) | 0.557 |
| Adjuvant chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy | 1.11 (0.56–2.17) | 0.767 | 1.22 (0.64–2.32) | 0.543 |
| pT | 1.37 (0.57–3.32) | 0.481 | 1.38 (0.61–3.13) | 0.442 |
| pN | 1.63 (0.83–3.21) | 0.159 | 1.62 (0.85–3.06) | 0.141 |
| TNM stage | 1.60 (0.81–3.14) | 0.177 | 1.60 (0.84–3.06) | 0.152 |
| Cancer location | 1.15 (0.67–1.98) | 0.624 | 1.21 (0.72–2.03) | 0.471 |
Note: Statistical significance, P<0.05.
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; DFS, disease-free survival; ESCC, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; HR, hazard ratio; OS, overall survival.
Table 4.
Multivariate analysis OS and DFS for the 70 ESCC patients
| Factors | OS
|
DFS
|
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | P-value | HR (95% CI) | P-value | |
| BC200 | 2.24 (1.12–4.49) | 0.023 | 2.17 (1.12–4.19) | 0.022 |
| TNM stage | 1.77 (0.90–3.52) | 0.100 | 1.81 (0.94–3.50) | 0.076 |
Note: Statistical significance, P<0.05.
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; DFS, disease-free survival; ESCC, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; HR, hazard ratio; OS, overall survival.
Discussion
ESCC is a heterogeneous disease; prognosis of these patients might be totally different. So far, there are few reliable markers available to accurately predict metastasis in early stage ESCC patients, and individual adjuvant treatment remains a challenge. Therefore, more studies are needed for detection of reliable markers that are associated with advanced tumor progression in the early stage ESCC patients.
Recently, the roles for LncRNAs as tumor suppressive and oncogenic functions have been found in prevalent cancer types. Initially, BC200 was found expressed only in the primate nervous system, hence it was also called BCYRN1 (brain cytoplasmic RNA 1). The first study that linked BC200 to cancer was in 1997.14 In this study, 80 different tumor specimens were screened, representing 19 different tumor types; BC200 RNA was found to express in carcinomas of the breast, cervix, esophagus, lung, ovary, parotid, and tongue, but not in corresponding normal tissues. BC200 RNA was not detected in bladder, colon, kidney, or liver carcinoma tissues. Another study also found that BC200 RNA is expressed at high levels in invasive carcinomas of the breast.16 Recently, a study demonstrated that BC200 expression was significantly higher in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tissue was than that in the adjacent normal tissue. The study also identified that c-MYC can regulate lung cancer cell migration and invasion via BC200.17 However, they did not show the prognostic value of high levels of BC200 in NSCLC patients. There is no data to show that the expression level of BC200 in tumor tissues, especially in ESCC, could predict patient prognosis. Our results showed that BC200 expression was increased significantly in ESCC tissue than that in adjacent normal tissue samples (P=0.023).
After analyzing the relationship between BC200 level in tumor tissues and clinical-pathological characteristics in ESCC patients, we failed to find the relationship between BC200 level and other clinical-pathological characteristics, such as patient age, T stage, sex, lymph node status, TNM stage, histological grade, pathological type, and location. Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that high expression levels of BC200 were correlated with poor prognosis in ESCC patients. Patients with a high level of BC200 had a shorter DFS and OS than those with low BC200 expression (P=0.022 and 0.023, respectively). Our results combined with other recent published studies revealed the important role of LncRNAs in ESCC cancer. For example, a recent study showed that MALAT-1 expressed higher levels in esophageal cancer tissues compared with paired adjacent normal tissues. This high expression was associated with a decreased survival rate. MALAT-1 knockdown induced a decrease in proliferation-enhanced apoptosis, inhibited migration/invasion, and reduced colony formation and led to cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase.18 And there were some other LncRNA, such as CCAT2, PCAT1, UCA1, that were reported as prognosis marker for ESCC.12,19,20 These studies indicate that LncRNAs could be exploited for therapeutic benefit for ESCC.
In our multivariate Cox regression analysis, we only found that BC200 was an independent prognostic factor of poor prognosis for DFS and OS (HR=2.17, 95% CI=1.12–4.19, P=0.022; and HR=2.24, 95% CI=1.12–4.49, P=0.023). This data showed that BC200 might play an important role in development and progression of ESCC. However, in our study other definitively reported factors, such as T stage, lymph node status, TNM stage, adjuvant chemotherapy, and/or radiotherapy, were not identified as independent predictive markers for DFS and OS.1 That might be due to the following reasons: 1) The sample size of this study was too small, there were 70 patients in our study, in multivariate Cox regression analysis, P-value of TNM was 0.076 (HR=1.81, 95% CI=0.94–3.50) for DFS and P=0.022 (HR=1.77, 95% CI=0.90–3.52) for OS, which suggested that TNM might be a prospective factor for OS and DFS in ESCC patients, but need further investigation with more patients. 2) Patients selection: since it was a retrospective study, only ESCC patients who received radical resection were included in this study. Most of the patients were T3 or more (78.57%), lymph node negative (64.94%), and TNM stage I–II (64.28%). Whether patients would receive adjuvant chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy depended mostly according to their financial situation and their wishes.
Conclusion
In conclusion, our analysis showed that BC200 expression was increased in ESCC tissues. Patients with a high level of BC200 had a shorter DFS and OS than those with low BC200 expression. Based on these results, BC200 expression may serve as a novel predictive marker for ESCC patients who received radical resection. Further investigation is warranted to understand more about the functions and mechanisms of BC200 in the development of ESCC.
Acknowledgments
We thank Dr Weijie Zhang and Prof Lijie Song for collecting parts of clinical data. We also thank Profs Changing Guo and Xiaobing Chen for giving advice on writing the article. This work was supported by a grant from The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University for Young Scientists and by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants 81472714/H1606). The funders had no role in data analysis, the decision to publish, or in preparation of the manuscript.
Footnotes
Disclosure
The authors report no conflict of interest in this work.
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