Fig. 3.

In vivo sciatic nerve model of perineural invasion (PNI). (A) Cancer is injected into the distal sciatic nerve. (B) With time, the sciatic nerve becomes infiltrated and thickened as cancer invades unidirectionally toward the spinal cord as seen grossly, (C) on magnetic resonance imaging (dotted white line), and (D) histologically. (E) PNI can be functionally followed by monitoring hind limb function.