Table 1.

X-ray scintillators for cancer therapy

Nanosystem	Size	PS	Attachment Strategy	X-ray doses	Biological Experiment	Ref.
SrAl2O4:Eu2+	80 nm	MC540	Pore loading	0.5 Gy	U87MG xenograft (it.)	101
LaF3:Tb3+	15 nm	MTCP	Covalent binding	120 keV	N/A	80
LaF3:Tb	3–45 nm	RB	Covalent binding	2–10 keV	N/A	82
LaF3:Tb	3–45 nm	RB	Covalent binding	N/A	Tumor model (it.)	83
LaF3:Ce3+	2 μm	PPIX	Physical loading	3 Gy	PC3 cells	73
CeF3	7–11 nm	VP	Physical loading	6 Gy, 8 keV or 6 MeV	Panc-1	104
Tb2O3	10 nm	porphyrin	Covalent binding	N/A	N/A	86
Y2O3	12 nm	psoralen	Covalent binding	2 Gy, 160 or 320 kVp	PC3 cells	97
ZnS:Cu,Co	4 nm	TBrRh123	Covalent binding	2 Gy	PC3 cells	109
APTES	N/A	PPIX	Coating	8 Gy	PC3 cells	110
LiYF4:Ce3+	34 nm	ZnO	Coating	8 Gy	HeLa cells	102
Gd2O2S:Tb	20 μm	Photofrin II	Co-location	120keV, 20 mAs	human glioblastoma cells	84
SiC/SiOx NWs	20 nm	porphyrin	Covalent binding	2 Gy, 6 MV	A549 cells	111
ZnO/SiO2	98 nm	ZnO	Coating	200 kVp, 2 Gy	LNCaP and Du145 cells	107
GdEuC12 micelle	4.6 nm	Hyp	Physical loading	400 mA	HeLa cells	87
Cu-Cy	50–100 nm	self	No PS	5 Gy	MCF-7 xenograft (it.)	73

it. = intratumoral injection, N/A = not available