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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2015 Nov 20;93:143–148. doi: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.11.016

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Effect of DAMPs on fibroblast activation. A) Necrotic myocardial cell extracts provoke increased fibroblast proliferation; B) increased α-SMA expression by fibroblasts; C) increased collagen gene expression; D) the increase in DAMP-induced fibroblast proliferation was sensitive to inhibition with an anti-TLR4 antibody as well as an anti-RAGE antibody. (Key: RAGE = receptor for advanced glycation end products; TLR4 = Toll-like receptor 4). (Reproduced with permission from Zhang W, Lavine KJ, Epelman S et al. Necrotic myocardial cells release damage-associated molecular patterns that provoke fibroblast activation in vitro and trigger myocardial inflammation and fibrosis in vivo. J Am Heart Assoc 2015;4(6):e001993)