Figure 3.

Cell-specific increases in markers of inflammation and oxidative stress occur in thiamine deficiency. Mice were made thiamine deficient and the brains were then analyzed for markers of inflammation and oxidative stress. Similar increases in these same variables have been observed in brains from AD patients at autopsy. In the animal model, the temporal response in each cell type was determined. Shown is the approximate order of appearance of the stressor within each cell type with thiamine deficiency, and the increases within each cell type are listed in the order of response. The endothelial cell response is first and blockade of endothelial responses protect against neuronal loss.^{31, 42}