Table 3.

Maternal chronic medical conditions and time to achieve gross motor milestones in children up to age 24 months. The Upstate KIDS Study.

	Sitting without support n=4893	Standing with assistance n=4892	Hands-and- knees crawling n=4897	Walking with assistance n=4897	Standing alone n=4897	Walking alone n=4897
Diagnosis by any source	HR (95%CI) p	HR (95%CI) p	HR (95%CI) p	HR (95%CI) p	HR (95%CI) p	HR (95%CI) p
Diabetes mellitus (Type I or II)
Unadjusted	0.92 (0.75-1.08) 0.35	0.72 (0.59-0.86) 0.001	0.87 (0.70-1.04) 0.16	0.83 (0.67-0.99) 0.06	1.06 (0.85-1.27) 0.54	0.79 (0.62-0.95) 0.03
Model 1	0.93 (0.76-1.10) 0.45	0.74 (0.60-0.89) 0.003	0.89 (0.72-1.06) 0.23	0.81 (0.66-0.97) 0.04	1.05 (0.84-1.26) 0.61	0.79 (0.62-0.96) 0.03
Model 2	0.91 (0.75-1.08) 0.34	0.73 (0.59-0.87) 0.001	0.89 (0.72-1.06) 0.23	0.81 (0.65-0.97) 0.03	1.05 (0.84-1.26) 0.62	0.79 (0.62-0.96) 0.03
Chronic hypertension
Unadjusted	0.99 (0.86-1.12) 0.87	1.03 (0.88-1.17) 0.72	0.99 (0.85-1.13) 0.91	0.99 (0.84-1.13) 0.85	1.04 (0.88-1.19) 0.63	0.92 (0.78-1.07) 0.32
Model 1	1.01 (0.87-1.15) 0.88	1.08 (0.93-1.23) 0.29	1.02 (0.88-1.17) 0.76	0.98 (0.83-1.12) 0.78	1.02 (0.87-1.18) 0.76	0.93 (0.78-1.08) 0.40
Model 2	1.00 (0.86-1.13) 0.99	1.10 (0.94-1.25) 0.20	1.02 (0.87-1.17) 0.76	0.98 (0.83-1.12) 0.78	1.02 (0.86-1.18) 0.83	0.92 (0.77-1.06) 0.29
Hypothyroidism
Unadjusted	0.96 (0.85-1.07) 0.48	1.00 (0.89-1.12) 0.96	0.89 (0.79-1.00) 0.07	1.09 (0.95-1.22) 0.18	0.99 (0.86-1.11) 0.86	1.07 (0.93-1.21) 0.31
Model 1	0.96 (0.85-1.07) 0.49	0.98 (0.87-1.10) 0.74	0.90 (0.79-1.01) 0.08	1.11 (0.97-1.25) 0.10	1.00 (0.87-1.13) 0.97	1.06 (0.92-1.20) 0.36
Model 2	0.95 (0.84-1.06) 0.37	1.04 (0.92-1.16) 0.53	0.90 (0.79-1.01) 0.08	1.09 (0.96-1.23) 0.15	0.99 (0.86-1.12) 0.86	1.05 (0.91-1.19) 0.45
Hyperthyroidism
Unadjusted	1.03 (0.83-1.24) 0.75	0.88 (0.70-1.06) 0.21	1.10 (0.88-1.32) 0.36	0.92 (0.73-1.12) 0.46	0.97 (0.75-1.19) 0.78	0.98 (0.76-1.21) 0.89
Model 1	1.03 (0.82-1.23) 0.81	0.90 (0.72-1.08) 0.32	1.10 (0.88-1.32) 0.37	0.95 (0.75-1.16) 0.67	0.98 (0.76-1.20) 0.87	1.00 (0.77-1.23) 0.99
Model 2	1.02 (0.82-1.22) 0.84	0.93 (0.74-1.11) 0.46	1.10 (0.88-1.32) 0.35	0.97 (0.76-1.17) 0.75	0.99 (0.76-1.21) 0.90	1.00 (0.77-1.23) 0.99
Cardiovascular disease
Unadjusted	1.05 (0.85-1.25) 0.75	0.88 (0.70-1.05) 0.21	1.07 (0.86-1.27) 0.52	0.84 (0.67-1.01) 0.08	0.91 (0.71-1.10) 0.38	1.42 (1.13-1.71) 0.001
Model 1	1.06 (0.87-1.26) 0.81	0.90 (0.72-1.08) 0.32	1.07 (0.76-1.28) 0.48	0.85 (0.68-1.03) 0.13	0.91 (0.71-1.10) 0.37	1.45 (1.15-1.76) <0.001
Model 2	1.08 (0.88-1.28) 0.84	0.94 (0.76-1.13) 0.46	1.08 (0.87-1.29) 0.45	0.84 (0.67-1.02) 0.11	0.91 (0.71-1.10) 0.38	1.44 (1.14-1.74) 0.001
Autoimmune disordersa
Unadjusted	0.84 (0.67-1.02) 0.11	0.95 (0.74-1.16) 0.64	0.78 (0.60-0.96) 0.04	1.13 (0.87-1.39) 0.29	1.04 (0.79-1.28) 0.77	0.94 (0.72-1.17) 0.64
Model 1	0.85 (0.67-1.03) 0.14	0.97 (0.76-1.18) 0.76	0.78 (0.60-0.96) 0.04	1.15 (0.89-1.41) 0.23	1.05 (0.80-1.29) 0.71	0.95 (0.72-1.18) 0.67
Model 2	0.86 (0.67-1.04) 0.17	0.97 (0.76-1.18) 0.78	0.78 (0.60-0.96) 0.04	1.15 (0.89-1.42) 0.22	1.04 (0.79-1.28) 0.76	0.94 (0.71-1.17) 0.64

^aIncluding Multiple Sclerosis, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Crohn’s disease, Celiac disease, and Systematic lupus erythematosus

HR: Hazard Ratio; CI: Confidence Intervals

Chronic medical conditions were defined as a diagnosis of a condition either prior to or during pregnancy using maternal rating four months postpartum or inpatient/outpatient hospital recodes.

Model 1: adjusted for maternal age, maternal race/ethnicity, maternal education, maternal history of smoking and drinking alcohol, and maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index, and infant’s gender; Model 2: additionally adjusted for plurality and infertility treatment.