Table 3.

Overview of PEF biosensors for the detection of chemical and biological compounds with information on analyzed matrix, limit of detection, analysis time, and assay format

Analyte	Plasmon mode	Matrix	Limit of detection	Detection time	Assay type	Ref.
Model analytes
DNA	SPP	Buffer	30 pM	10 min	Direct	[132]
DNA	SPP	Buffer	1.57 pM	30 min	Direct	[89]
RNA	LSP	Buffer	25 fM	30 min	Sandwich	[133]
a-mouse IgG	LRSPP	Buffer	20 fM	20 min	Direct	[61]
Streptavidin	SPP	Buffer	50 pM	10 min	Direct	[88]
Human IgG	SPP	Buffer	1 pg/ml (6.7 fM)	1 h	Sandwich	[106]
Human IgG	LSP	Buffer	86 pg/ml (0.57 pM)	1 h	Sandwich	[116]
Human IgG	LSP	Buffer	0.3 fM	1 h	Direct	[107]
Biomarkers
f-PSA	LRSPP	Buffer/serum	34/330 fM	35 min	Sandwich	[92]
Total PSA	LSP	Buffer/serum	0.4/1.8 pg/ml (12/52 fM)	1 h	Sandwich	[111]
TNF-α	LSP	n.a.	3 pM	2 h	Sandwich	[114]
Troponin I	LSP	Buffer/blood	5/50 pg/ml (0.22/4.3 pM)	1 min	Sandwich	[115]
C-reactive protein	SPP	Buffer/serum	16/26 ng/ml (0.15/0.25 nM)	30 min	Sandwich	[112]
UL16-binding protein 2	LSP	Serum	18 pg/ml (0.75 pM)	4.3 h	Sandwich	[113]
Pathogens and toxins
Aflatoxin M1	LRSPP	Buffer/milk	0.6 pg/ml (1.8 pM)	53 min	Inhibition	[105]
E. coli 157	LRSPP	Buffer	6 cfu/ml	20 min	Sandwich	[119]
SARS-CoV	LSP	Buffer	13.9 pg/ml	n.a.	Sandwich	[120]
S-OIV	LSP	Buffer/serum	0.1/1 pg/ml	n.a.	Sandwich	[121]
Anthrax protective antigen	LSP	Buffer	0.1 pg/ml	40 min	Inhibition	[134]