Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population
| Variable | Total sample (n = 11,780) | South-Asian Surinamese (n = 2501) | African Surinamese (n = 2292) | Ghanaians (n = 1877) | Turks (n = 2626) | Moroccans (n = 2484) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male (%) | 41.6 (4897) | 45.7 (1143) | 37.3 (856) | 40.9 (767) | 45.7 (1200) | 37.5 (931) |
| Age in years, mean (SD) | 43.01 (13.07) | 45.27 (13.40) | 46.94 (12.83) | 44.61 (11.41) | 39.80 (12.36) | 39.30 (13.10) |
| First generation migrant, % (n) | 77.4 (9116) | 77.3 (1933) | 83.0 (1903) | 94.2 (1768) | 70.3 (1846) | 67.1 (1666) |
| Education, % (n)a | ||||||
| 1 (lowest) | 23.5 (2773) | 15.4 (384) | 6.8 (156) | 29.5 (554) | 33.5 (880) | 32.2 (799) |
| 2 | 29.5 (3471) | 33.8 (846) | 34.4 (789) | 38.7 (726) | 24.9 (655) | 18.3 (455) |
| 3 | 30.5 (3590) | 29.2 (731) | 35.9 (822) | 25.4 (476) | 28.0 (735) | 33.3 (826) |
| 4 (highest) | 16.5 (1946) | 21.6 (540) | 22.9 (525) | 6.4 (121) | 13.6 (356) | 16.3 (404) |
| Perceived ethnic discrimination score, mean (SD), range 1 (lowest)–5 (highest) | 1.92 (0.76) | 1.97 (0.75) | 2.01 (0.76) | 1.87 (0.79) | 1.82 (0.73) | 1.96 (0.79) |
| Depressive symptoms score, mean (SD), range 0 (lowest)–27 (highest) | 5.03 (5.50) | 5.36 (5.79) | 3.90 (4.52) | 3.33 (4.33) | 6.24 (6.01) | 5.75 (5.75) |
| Ethnic identityb, % (n) | ||||||
| Strong ethnic identity (score ≥ 40) | 65.9 (7716) | 51.8 (1290) | 63.0 (1435) | 76.8 (1432) | 74.7 (1944) | 65.5 (1615) |
| Missing | 0.7 (78) | 0.4 (10) | 0.6 (13) | 0.7 (13) | 0.8 (22) | 0.8 (20) |
| Religion, % (n) | ||||||
| Currently practicing | 88.2 (10,302) | 81.1 (2019) | 78.1 (1785) | 88.2 (1608) | 94.0 (2448) | 98.6 (2442) |
| Missing | 0.8 (97) | 0.4 (10) | 0.3 (6) | 2.8 (53) | 0.8 (21) | 0.3 (7) |
| Number of same-ethnic friendsc, % (n) | ||||||
| Many (score ≥ 4) | 47.3 (5527) | 29.3 (728) | 44.0 (1000) | 64.2 (1196) | 62.7 (1623) | 39.7 (980) |
| Missing | 0.9 (107) | 0.7 (18) | 0.8 (18) | 0.8 (15) | 1.4 (38) | 0.7 (18) |
| Leisure time with same-ethnic peopled, % (n) | ||||||
| Often/always (score ≥ 4) | 57.8 (6756) | 51.0 (1268) | 63.0 (1435) | 59.9 (1113) | 61.2 (1582) | 54.9 (1358) |
| Missing | 0.8 (97) | 0.5 (13) | 0.6 (14) | 1.0 (19) | 1.5 (40) | 0.4 (11) |
SD standard deviation
a1 = no education or elementary education; 2 = lower vocational and general secondary education; 3 = intermediate vocational and higher secondary education; 4 = higher vocational education or university
bEthnic identity: sum score ranges from 10 to 50, with a cut-off at 40 (<40 weak ethnic identity, ≥40 strong ethnic identity)
cSame-ethnic friends: score range 1–5, with a cut-off at 4 (<4 low number, ≥4 high number)
dLeisure time spent score range 1–5, with a cut-off at 4 (<4 sometimes, ≥4 often/always)