Table 2.
The association between perceived ethnic discrimination (PED) and depressive symptoms according to potential effect modifiers
| Stratified by | Adjusted regression coefficient (95 % CI) for the association PED-depressive symptoms | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total sample | South-Asian Surinamese | African Surinamese | Ghanaians | Turks | Moroccans | |
| Associationa without interaction | 1.68 (1.55, 1.80) | 1.88 (1.59, 2.17) | 1.21 (0.98, 1.45) | 1.63 (1.40, 1.87) | 2.11 (1.80, 2.41) | 1.51 (1.23, 1.80) |
| Ethnic identity | ||||||
| Weak | 1.86 (1.65, 2.07) | 2.00 (1.58, 2.43) | 1.64 (1.26, 2.02) | 2.00 (1.51, 2.48) | 2.16 (1.60, 2.71) | 1.53 (1.05, 2.00) |
| Strong | 1.51 (1.36, 1.66) | 1.76 (1.36, 2.16) | 0.90 (0.61, 1.19) | 1.48 (1.21, 1.75) | 2.00 (1.63, 2.36) | 1.37 (1.02, 1.72) |
| p value for interaction | 0.008* | 0.414 | 0.002* | 0.070 | 0.638 | 0.599 |
| Religion | ||||||
| No | 1.63 (1.26, 2.00) | 1.85 (1.18, 2.52) | 1.61 (1.10, 2.12) | 1.07 (0.34, 1.79) | 1.36 (0.10, 2.63) | 4.43 (1.92, 6.95) |
| Yes | 1.68 (1.55, 1.81) | 1.89 (1.57, 2.21) | 1.11 (0.84, 1.37) | 1.69 (1.44, 1.95) | 2.14 (1.83, 2.46) | 1.47 (1.18, 1.76) |
| p value for interaction | 0.808 | 0.926 | 0.085 | 0.112 | 0.241 | 0.022* |
| Number of same-ethnic friends | ||||||
| Low | 1.84 (1.68, 2.01) | 2.15 (1.80, 2.50) | 1.20 (0.88, 1.51) | 1.98 (1.59, 2.37) | 2.50 (2.01, 2.99) | 1.57 (1.20, 1.94) |
| High | 1.47 (1.29, 1.65) | 1.11 (0.57, 1.65) | 1.21 (0.86, 1.56) | 1.38 (1.08, 1.67) | 1.87 (1.48, 2.26) | 1.44 (1.00, 1.88) |
| p value for interaction | 0.004* | 0.001* | 0.958 | 0.016* | 0.046* | 0.653 |
| Leisure time with same-ethnic people | ||||||
| Sometimes | 1.91 (1.72, 2.09) | 1.96 (1.56, 2.37) | 1.76 (1.38, 2.14) | 1.56 (1.19, 1.92) | 2.46 (1.98, 2.93) | 1.75 (1.33, 2.16) |
| Often/always | 1.49 (1.33, 1.66) | 1.78 (1.36, 2.20) | 0.90 (0.61, 1.19) | 1.66 (1.35, 1.98) | 1.92 (1.52, 2.32) | 1.31 (0.92, 1.69) |
| p value for interaction | 0.001* | 0.535 | <0.001* | 0.669 | 0.087 | 0.128 |
Analyses in the total sample and per ethnic group
CI confidence interval
* Denotes statistical significant interaction term at the p < 0.05 level with two-tailed test
aThis association was adjusted for ethnicity (in the total sample only), sex, age, migration generation, and education. All associations in the interaction analyses were adjusted for these variables as well