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. 2016 Apr 21;4:e1897. doi: 10.7717/peerj.1897

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©2016 Simeone et al.

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited.

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Mapping of chloroplast evolution in oaks (using the same rooting scenario as in Fig. 1) on current evolutionary synopsis (based on nuclear sequence data, morphology, and the fossil record; modified after Grímsson et al. (2015, Fig. 16). Colouring of the plastid lineages refers to branches/subclades in Fig. 1: bluish, common (ancestral) and ‘New World’ oak/castanoids plastid haplotype lineages; green, lineages of the unique ‘Euro-Med’ plastid haplotype found only in Mediterranean members of Group Ilex; reddish, lineages of ‘Old World’ oaks and Eurasian castanoids. Note that members of Group Ilex keep plastid haplotypes of five different evolutionary sources/systematic affinities. Abbreviations: C, Cretaceous; Pa, Paleocene; E, Eocene; O, Oligocene; M, Miocene; Pl, Plio-/Pleistocene.