Figure 13.

Proposed mechanisms underlying the positive therapeutic effects of exendin-4 on TAC-induced PHC. ATM = ataxia telangiectasia mutated kinase; BMP-2 = bone morphogenetic protein; TGF-β = transforming growth factor-β; MMP = matrix metalloproteinase; TNF-α = tumor necrotic factor-α; NF = nuclear factor; Mito = mitochondria; Csp = caspase 3; PARP = cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase; NOX = NADPH oxidase; eNOS = endothelial nitric oxide synthase; BNP = brain natriuretic peptide; MHC = myosin heavy chain.