Table 4.
Summary of regression results, adjusted parameter estimates (95% CI), and reference groups (Rf) from regression models of metabolites (log based 10).
| Parent VOC (Metabolite Short Name) | Intercept | Smoking | Reported Paint/Varnish | Observed Incense | Study Location | Other Considered Covariates | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| None | Some | Smoker | No | Yes | Yes | No | Rural | Urban | |||
| Acrolein (CEMA) | 1.5 (1.3, 1.7) * | −0.68 (−0.78, −0.58) * | −0.69 (−0.79, −0.59) * | Rf | — | — | — | Rf | — | — | Reported cooking time |
| Acrolein (3HPMA) | 0.67 (0.47, 0.87) * | −0.43 (−0.53, −0.33) * | −0.42 (−0.52, −0.32) * | Rf | — | — | — | Rf | — | — | Reported cooking time |
| Acrylamide (GAMA) | 0.48 (0.28, 0.68) * | −0.42 (−0.52, −0.32) * | −0.44 (−0.54, −0.34) * | Rf | — | — | 0.09 (−0.008, 0.19) | Rf | — | — | Observed incense |
| Acrylamide (AAMA) | −0.04 (−0.33, 0.25) * | −0.46 (−0.58, −0.34) * | −0.45 (−0.57, −0.33) * | Rf | — | — | 0.11 (−0.0076, 0.23) | Rf | — | — | Observed incense |
| Acrylonitrile (CYMA) | 0.38 (−0.09, 0.85) * | −1.72 (−1.9, −1.6) * | −1.59 (−1.7, −1.5) * | Rf | — | — | — | Rf | −0.02 (−0.079, 0.039) | Rf | |
| Benzene (MU) | 1.2 (0.91, 1.5) * | −0.11 (−0.27, 0.047) | −0.05 (−0.23, 0.13) | Rf | — | — | — | Rf | 0.03 (−0.048, 0.11) | Rf | Reported gas pumping |
| Benzene (PMA) | −1.3 (−1.6, −0.97) * | −0.02 (−0.16, 0.12) | −0.1 (−0.26, 0.057) | Rf | — | — | — | Rf | −0.01 (−0.088, 0.068) | Rf | Reported gas pumping |
| 1,3−Butadiene (DHBMA) | 0.87 (0.73, 1) * | −0.11 (−0.17, −0.051) * | −0.15 (−0.21, −0.091) * | Rf | — | — | 0.04 (−0.019, 0.099) | Rf | — | — | Observed air freshener, Observed candles, Observed incense, Observed other scented products, Reported air fresheners, Reported cooking time |
| 1,3−Butadiene (MHBMA3) | −0.16 (−0.43, 0.11) * | −0.97 (−1.1, −0.83) * | −1.01 (−1.1, −0.89) * | Rf | — | — | −0.06 (−0.2, 0.077) | Rf | — | — | Observed air freshener, Observed candles, Observed incense, Observed other scented products, Reported air fresheners, Reported cooking time |
| 1−Bromopropane (BPMA) | −0.63 (−1.3, −0.0028) * | −0.15 (−0.44, 0.14) * | −0.33 (−0.66, 0.0032) * | Rf | — | — | 0.01 (−0.3, 0.32) | Rf | — | — | Observed incense |
| Carbon disulfide (TTCA) | −0.79 (−1.2, −0.34) * | −0.12 (−0.32, 0.076) | −0.12 (−0.34, 0.096) | Rf | — | — | — | Rf | — | ||
| Crotonaldehyde (HPMMA) | 1.7 (1.5, 1.9) * | −0.69 (−0.77, −0.61) * | −0.71 (−0.81, −0.61) * | Rf | — | — | — | Rf | — | — | |
| Cyanide (SCN−) | 2.7 (2.4, 2.9) * | −0.67 (−0.79, −0.55) * | −0.7 (−0.84, −0.56) * | Rf | — | — | — | Rf | — | — | |
| Ethylbenzene, styrene (PGA) | 0.31 (−0.023, 0.64) * | −0.14 (−0.3, 0.017) | −0.17 (−0.35, 0.0064) | Rf | — | — | — | Rf | 0.06 (−0.018, 0.14) | Rf | |
| Ethylene oxide, vinyl chloride, acrylonitrile (HEMA) | −0.58 (−0.85, −0.31) * | −0.6 (−0.72, −0.48) * | −0.56 (−0.7, −0.42) * | Rf | — | — | — | Rf | −0.03 (−0.089, 0.029) | Rf | |
| N,N−Dimethylformamide (AMCC) | 0.99 (0.75, 1.2) * | −0.71 (−0.81, −0.61) * | −0.73 (−0.83, −0.63) * | Rf | — | — | — | Rf | — | — | |
| Propylene oxide (2HPMA) | 0.68 (0.35, 1) * | −0.4 (−0.56, −0.24) * | −0.47 (−0.65, −0.29) * | Rf | — | — | — | Rf | — | — | |
| Styrene (MA) | 1 (0.86, 1.2) * | −0.16 (−0.24, −0.082) * | −0.18 (−0.26, −0.1) * | Rf | Rf | 0.02 (−0.019, 0.059) | 0.03 (−0.048, 0.11) | Rf | — | — | Observed air freshener, Observed candles, Observed incense, Observed other scented products, Reported air fresheners, Reported gas pumping |
| Styrene (PHEMA) | −1.2 (−1.7, −0.76) * | −0.34 (−0.5, −0.18) * | −0.42 (−0.6, −0.24) * | Rf | Rf | 0.09 (−0.008, 0.19) | −0.01 (−0.19, 0.17) | Rf | — | — | Observed air freshener, Observed candles, Observed incense, Observed other scented products, Reported air fresheners, Reported gas pumping |
| Toluene (BMA) | −1.1 (−1.4, −0.74) * | 0.14 (−0.017, 0.3) * | 0.08 (−0.096, 0.26) | Rf | Rf | 0.02 (−0.058, 0.098) | — | — | −0.12 (−0.2, −0.042) * | Rf | Reported gas pumping |
| Xylene (2MHA) | 0.7 (0.41, 0.99) * | −0.57 (−0.71, −0.43) * | −0.63 (−0.77, −0.49) * | Rf | Rf | 0.13 (0.052, 0.21) * | −0.08 (−0.22, 0.057) | Rf | −0.04 (−0.12, 0.038) | Rf | Observed air freshener, Observed candles, Observed incense, Observed other scented products, Reported aerosols, Reported air fresheners, Reported gas pumping |
| Xylene (3MHA + 4MHA) | 1.1 (0.83, 1.4) * | −0.56 (−0.7, −0.42) * | −0.65 (−0.79, −0.51) * | Rf | Rf | 0.13 (0.052, 0.21) * | 0.08 (−0.057, 0.22) | Rf | 0.02 (−0.039, 0.079) | Rf | Observed air freshener, Observed candles, Observed incense, Observed other scented products, Reported aerosols, Reported air fresheners, Reported gas pumping |
Notes: Parameter estimates not shown for variables that were not significant in any model. * denotes variable significant at p < 0.01. All models included adjustment for visit type and creatinine.