Table 1.
Sociodemographic characteristics of study participants.
| Variable | Cases n = 38 | Negative Controls n = 136 | Positive Controls n = 102 | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | – | – | – | <0.0001 |
| Male | 29 (76.3%) | 119 (88.1%) | 66 (64.7%) | – |
| Female | 9 (23.7%) | 16 (11.8%) | 36 (35.3%) | – |
| Age | – | – | – | 0.0370 |
| Median | 39 | 32 | 31 | – |
| Mean and SD | 37.4 + 11.4 | 32 + 8.7 | 33.1 + 11 | – |
| ≤24 | 4 (10.5%) | 27 (20%) | 25 (24.5%) | – |
| 25–34 | 11 (29%) | 64 (47.4%) | 36 (35.3%) | – |
| 35–44 | 15 (39.5%) | 30 (22.2%) | 23 (22.6%) | – |
| ≥45 | 8 (21.1%) | 14 (10.4%) | 18 (17.7%) | – |
| Education | – | – | – | 0.1813 |
| None | 4 (16.7%) | 5 (5.1%) | 5 (6.7%) | – |
| Primary | 2 (8.3%) | 4 (4.1%) | 2 (2.7%) | – |
| JSS/Secondary/Form/Technical | 14 (58.3%) | 68 (69.4%) | 44 (58.7%) | – |
| College/University | 4 (16.7%) | 21 (21.4%) | 24 (32%) | – |
| Ethnicity | – | – | – | 0.1223 |
| Akan | 28 (73.7%) | 96 (71.1%) | 84 (82.3%) | – |
| Other | 10 (26.3%) | 40 (28.9%) | 18 (17.7%) | – |
| Religion | – | – | – | 0.0937 |
| Christian | 32 (84.2%) | 112 (82.9%) | 94 (92.2%) | – |
| Muslim/Other | 6 (15.8%) | 23 (17.1%) | 8 (7.8%) | – |
| Employment | – | – | – | 0.0625 |
| Yes | 31 (81.6%) | 108 (80%) | 69 (67.6%) | – |
| No | 7 (18.4%) | 27 (20%) | 33 (32.4%) | – |
| Total household size | – | – | – | 0.8013 |
| 0–9 | 32 (84.2%) | 109 (80.7%) | 88 (86.3%) | – |
| 10–19 | 4 (10.5%) | 20 (14.8%) | 10 (9.8%) | – |
| 20 and above | 2 (5.3%) | 6 (4.4%) | 4 (3.9%) | – |
JSS = Junior Secondary School. Other ethnic groups include Gruma, Busanga, Dagbani, Basare, Moshi, Hausa, Ewe and Dagati.