Table 1.

Selected genes and optimized primers for single-cell analysis.

Gene ID⋆	Gene name	Annotation	Primer names	Sequence (5′– > 3′)	Functions of the genes in Desulfovibrio vulgaris biofilm
DVU0281		Exopolysaccharide biosynthesis Protein	DVU0281A-fw DVU0281A-rv	TACCCCTGATTCTACCCGTCA GGTGCGAAATTT GAGGATGTC	Biofilm formation and metabolism (Ren et al., 2004)
DVU0434		Ech hydrogenase Subunit EchA	DVU0434A-fw DVU0434A-rv	CCTCGGCTACATGAAAGAGCAC AGCGTGGTGATTTCCCAGAAG	Energy conversion and carbon flow (Jenney et al., 1999; Zhang et al., 2007; Clark et al., 2012)
DVU0588		Formate dehydrogenase subunit beta	DVU0588C-fw DVU0588C-rv	ATGAACTTCGGCGATGAGCAG CGCATGTTCGTAGAAGTCCTTG
DVU1340		Fur family transcriptional regulator	DVU1340B-fw DVU1340B-rv	AAGTCCGCTTCGACGGCAT ACCGGATTGGCTGTCCGAAC
DVU1397	bfr	Bacterioferritin	DVU1397D-fw DVU1397D-rv	GCGAAAGTCATCGAAGTGCTGA CGGCAAGTTCTCCGTAGTCCAT	Biofilm formation and maintenance (Zhang et al., 2007; Clark et al., 2012)
DVU2571	feoB	Ferrous iron	DVU2571D-fw	GTCGCGAGAAGCTTGCAACACT
		Transport protein	DVU2571D-rv	AAGAAGATGCCGACGATGAGGA
		B
DVU2410	sodB	Superoxide dismutase	DVU2410B-fw DVU2410B-rv	CCATGAGACTCGAAGACGTGGT TCATGCCTGCCCAGTAGAAGGT	Reactive oxygen species or general stress resistance (Clark et al., 2012)
DVU3062		Sensor histidine kinase/response regulator	DVU3062D-fw DVU3062D-rv	TTGGCGTGCAGGTGAATGA CGTTCAAGCGTTGCAAATCC	Signal transduction (Slater et al., 2000; Takeda et al., 2001; Zhang et al., 2006b)
DVU0565	gap-1	Glyceraldehyde	DVU0565D-fw	TATGACCCGCAGAAGCACCAT	Housekeeping gene
		3-phosphate dehydrogenase	DVU0565D-rv	CGATGCCGTACTTCTCTTGGAT	(Marco and Kleerebezem, 2008; Zhao et al., 2011)
DVU1090	recA	Recombinase A	DVU1090H-fw DVU1090H-rv	GCCGTCATCTTCATCAACCAG TCCATACGGACGGAACTGTAGA	Housekeeping gene (Qi et al., 2014)
Dvl6SA	rrsA	16S ribosomal	Dvl6SAC-fw Dvl6SAC-rv	CAACCCCTATTGCCAGTTGCT GCCATGATGACTTGACGTCGT	Housekeeping gene (Scholten et al., 2007; Plugge et al., 2010)

⋆IDs of the genes are from Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes.