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. 2016 Apr 26;9:238. doi: 10.1186/s13071-016-1521-6

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© Samuel et al. 2016

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 1 — Mean mortalities of laboratory-reared Anopheles larvae 24 h after being fed powdered black pepper (Piper nigrum) at various concentrations. The dose value represents the percentage of black pepper in a 50 mg treatment mixture. 0 % represents the control group which was fed standard larval food only and 100 % represents a treatment comprised of black pepper only. A One-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD post-hoc comparisons were used for each strain to determine significant differences in mortality at each dose compared to that of the relevant control at 95 % confidence. a Anopheles arabiensis strains. b Anopheles gambiae (GAH) and An. coluzzii (SILC & SUA) strains. c Anopheles quadriannulatus. d Anopheles funestus strains