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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Mater Sci Eng R Rep. 2015 May 16;93:1–49. doi: 10.1016/j.mser.2015.04.001

Fig. 17.

Fig. 17

Schematic of hydrogel bending mechanism by association of surfactant molecules in electric field. Reprinted with permission from Osada et al. [315]. Copyright 1992 Nature Publishing Group.