. 2016 Mar 1;26(6):571–581. doi: 10.1093/glycob/cww028

Table III.

Selected genetically modified pigs currently available for xenotransplantation research

Complement regulation by human complement-regulatory gene expression

CD46 (membrane cofactor protein)

CD55 (decay-accelerating factor)

CD59 (protectin or membrane inhibitor of reactive lysis)

Gal or non-Gal antigen “masking” or deletion

Human H-transferase gene expression (expression of blood type O antigen)

Endo-β-galactosidase C (reduction of Gal antigen expression)

α(1,3)-galactosyltransferase gene-knockout (GTKO)

Cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) gene-knockout (CMAHKO)

β4GalNT2 (β(1,4)-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase) gene-knockout (β4GalNT2KO)

Suppression of cellular immune response by gene expression or downregulation

CIITA-DN (MHC class II transactivator knockdown, resulting in swine leukocyte antigen class II knockdown)

Class I MHC-knockout (MHC-IKO)

HLA-E/human β2-microglobulin (inhibits human natural killer cell cytotoxicity)

Human FAS ligand (CD95L)

Human N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III gene

Porcine CTLA4-Ig (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 or CD152)

Human tumor necrosis factor-α-related apoptosis-inducing ligand

Anticoagulation and anti-inflammatory gene expression or deletion

von Willebrand factor-deficient (natural mutant)

Human tissue factor pathway inhibitor

Human thrombomodulin

Human endothelial protein C receptor

Human CD39 (ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1)

Anticoagulation, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic gene expression

Human A20 (tumor necrosis factor-α-induced protein 3)

Human heme oxygenase-1

Human CD47 (species-specific interaction with SIRP-α inhibits phagocytosis)

Porcine asialoglycoprotein receptor 1 gene-knockout (decreases platelet phagocytosis)

Human signal regulatory protein α (decreases platelet phagocytosis by “self”-recognition)

Prevention of porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) activation

PERV siRNA