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. 2016 Apr 27;11(4):e0154474. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154474

Table 1. A priori model set.

Hypothesis Model # Covariates
Null 1 ~ 1
Productivity 2 ~ Weighted NDVIa mean
3 ~ Weighted NDVI mean + regionb
Region 4 ~ Region
Anthropogenic Effects 5 ~ Primary road densityc
6 ~ Primary road density + region
7 ~ Secondary road densityd
8 ~ Secondary road density + region
Habitat 9 ~ percent NLCDe
10 ~ percent NLCD + region
Productivity & Anthropogenic Effects 11 ~ Weighted NDVI mean + primary road density
12 ~ Weighted NDVI mean + primary road density + region
13 ~ Weighted NDVI mean + secondary road density
14 ~ Weighted NDVI mean + secondary road density + region
Productivity & Habitat 15 ~ Weighted NDVI mean + percent NLCD
16 ~ Weighted NDVI mean + percent NLCD + region
Anthropogenic Effects & Habitat 17 ~ Primary road density + percent NLCD
18 ~ Primary road density + percent NLCD + region
19 ~ Secondary road density + percent NLCD
20 ~ Secondary road density + percent NLCD + region
Productivity & Anthropogenic Effects & Habitat 21 ~ Weighted NDVI mean + primary road density + secondary road density + percent NLCD
Global 22 ~ Weighted NDVI mean + primary road density + secondary road density + percent NLCD + region

The model set contained 22 additive models with 17 independent variables used in an analysis based on Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) to predict the spatial occurrence of black bear incident reports, Michigan, USA, 2003–2011.

a NDVI = Normalized Difference Vegetation Index.

b Region = regional location in which a given bear incident report occurred (Upper Peninsula or Lower Peninsula).

c Primary road density = interstates, highways, and residential roads.

d Secondary road density = roads that may be paved but have little traffic (e.g., park roads, two-track roads).

e; NLCD = National Land Cover Database; percent NLCD—percent area for each land cover (e.g., developed open space, deciduous forest, cultivated crops, etc.).