Table 4. Summary of independent variables.
| Bear Incident Reports | Random Units | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Independent Variables | Mean | SD | Mean | SD |
| Ecological variables | ||||
| Percent NLCDa | ||||
| Deciduous forest | 30.49 | 19.79 | 28.77 | 22.56 |
| Woody wetlands | 19.51 | 17.98 | 22.05 | 20.66 |
| Open water | 4.22 | 9.79 | 2.78 | 9.14 |
| Evergreen forest | 8.58 | 9.79 | 7.97 | 11.80 |
| Mixed forest | 7.30 | 7.37 | 6.22 | 7.97 |
| Grassland-herbaceous | 5.41 | 6.66 | 3.46 | 5.20 |
| Emergent herbaceous wetlands | 1.56 | 2.63 | 2.38 | 5.89 |
| Barren land | 0.48 | 1.61 | 0.46 | 3.06 |
| Shrub-scrub | 2.04 | 3.13 | 1.97 | 4.24 |
| Weighted NDVIb mean | 197.92 | 19.79 | 198.52 | 17.74 |
| Anthropogenic variables | ||||
| Percent NLCD | ||||
| Cultivated crops | 6.47 | 11.74 | 11.46 | 19.99 |
| Pasture-hay | 3.77 | 7.28 | 5.35 | 9.29 |
| Developed open space | 5.62 | 4.88 | 4.09 | 4.57 |
| Developed high intensity | 0.35 | 1.51 | 0.22 | 1.39 |
| Primary road densityc | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Secondary road densityd | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Summarized values (mean ± standard deviation [SD]) of all continuous independent variables by used (i.e., Bear Incident Reports) and random units within the dataset of black bear incident report occurrences, Michigan, USA, 2003–2011. Standardization of variables (centered and scaled) was not conducted for the purposes of this table.
a NLCD = National Land Cover Database; percent NLCD = percent area for each land cover.
b NDVI = Normalized Difference Vegetation Index.
c Primary road density = interstates, highways, and residential roads (km/km2).
d Secondary road density = roads that may be paved but have little traffic (e.g., park roads, two-track roads, etc.; km/km2).