Table 1. Characteristics of indigenous and non-indigenous women and their closest health facilities in Guatemala, Mexico, and Panama in the Salud Mesoamérica Initiative, 2012–2013.
| Guatemala | Mexico | Panama | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-indigenous | Indigenous | P | Non-indigenous | Indigenous | P | Indigenous | |
| n = 1,081 | n = 3,373 | n = 1,646 | n = 4,052 | n = 743 | |||
| WOMEN | |||||||
| Age (years) | 0.362 | <0.001 | |||||
| 15–24 | 33.9 (30.2–37.8) | 33.4 (31.2–35.6) | 37.2 (34.0–40.5) | 35.5 (32.9–38.1) | 36.3 (31.6–41.3) | ||
| 25–34 | 46.0 (41.5–50.5) | 43.5 (41.3–45.8) | 48.0 (44.5–51.6) | 42.9 (40.5–45.3) | 39.2 (33.8–44.9) | ||
| 35–49 | 20.1 (16.5–24.2) | 23.1 (20.9–25.3) | 14.8 (12.6–17.2) | 21.6 (19.4–24.1) | 24.5 (20.4–29.1) | ||
| Education | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
| None | 14.1 (10.7–18.4) | 40.6 (36.7–44.6) | 6.8 (5.2–8.8) | 21.9 (18.7–25.6) | 15.2 (9.1–24.2) | ||
| Primary | 58.4 (52.9–63.7) | 48.4 (45.5–51.2) | 44.5 (38.1–51.2) | 56.6 (52.8–60.4) | 56.9 (50.6–63.0) | ||
| Secondary or higher | 27.4 (21.6–34.2) | 11.0 (8.6–14.0) | 48.7 (42.0–55.4) | 21.4 (18.3–24.9) | 27.9 (21.8–34.9) | ||
| Literate | 83.4 (79.4–86.8) | 57.7 (53.6–61.7) | <0.001 | 91.2 (88.4–93.3) | 70.8 (67.2–74.2) | <0.001 | 77.8 (69.7–84.2) |
| Wealth index | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
| Low | 40.0 (32.8–47.6) | 62.1 (57.6–66.3) | 41.0 (34.6–47.6) | 67.5 (63.0–71.6) | 42.8 (33.3–52.7) | ||
| Medium | 29.4 (25.6–33.4) | 23.6 (21.0–26.4) | 33.6 (30.0–37.4) | 23.8 (20.7–27.3) | 39.9 (33.2–47.0) | ||
| High | 30.6 (24.6–37.4) | 14.3 (11.9–17.2) | 25.4 (21.1–30.2) | 8.7 (7.0–10.8) | 17.4 (11.2–25.9) | ||
| Conditional cash transfer recipient | 23.7 (19.3–28.6) | 39.1 (35.3–43.1) | <0.001 | 50.3 (42.8–57.8) | 75.7 (72.2–78.9) | 58.1 (51.9–64.2) | |
| Married | 83.3 (80.7–86.5) | 90.3 (88.8–91.6) | <0.001 | 91.4 (89.6–93.0) | 94.6 (93.6–95.5) | 0.001 | 85.9 (82.7–88.6) |
| Wanted the pregnancy | 84.4 (80.5–87.6) | 88.9 (86.8–90.8) | 0.014 | 75.1 (71.4–78.5) | 82.6 (80.0–84.9) | 0.001 | 61.2 (53.4–68.5) |
| Primiparous | 24.9 (21.0–29.2) | 19.2 (17.4–21.2) | 0.008 | 24.7 (21.7–28.0) | 12.9 (11.5–14.4) | <0.001 | 15.4 (12.4–18.9) |
| Traditional birth attendant assisted in delivery | 0 (-) | 0.3 (0.1–1.0) | 0.399 | 2.2 (1.0–5.0) | 2.8 (1.3–6.2) | 0.663 | 2.8 (1.4–5.4) |
| Woman gave birth in a facility | 41.5 (35.0–48.4) | 15.2 (12.4–18.5) | <0.001 | 73.9 (65.1–81.0) | 29.1 (23.9–34.9) | <0.001 | 70.3 (60.5–78.6) |
| Caesarean section* | 31.3 (25.0–38.4) | 28.4 (23.8–33.5) | 0.500 | 35.6 (31.4–40.1) | 25.8 (22.8–29.0) | <0.001 | 3.9 (2.7–5.6) |
| Emergency C-section*t1s | 72.2 (62.2–80.4) | 86.7 (79.5–91.7) | 0.006 | 69.5 (63.2–75.2) | 78.9 (72.7–84.0) | 0.034 | 65.3 (41.0–83.6) |
| Delivery travel time* | 0.476 | <0.001 | |||||
| <30 min. | 15.0 (9.1–23.6) | 16.8 (10.6–25.5) | 37.5 (30.9–44.7) | 18.1 (13.5–23.8) | 23.0 (16.6–30.9) | ||
| 30 min. <1 hr. | 19.4 (14.3–25.8) | 23.0 (16.9–30.6) | 23.5 (19.1–28.7) | 22.6 (16.7–29.7) | 12.7 (8.0–19.5) | ||
| 1 hr. to <2 hr. | 19.1 (13.5–26.3) | 22.8 (16.7–30.2) | 15.0 (10.7–20.8) | 21.9 (16.7–28.1) | 21.5 (15.8–28.5) | ||
| > 2 hr. | 46.5 (38.6–54.6) | 37.4 (29.1–46.6) | 23.9 (18.6–30.0) | 37.5 (27.3–49.0) | 42.9 (33.6–52.7) | ||
| CLOSEST HEALTH FACILITY | |||||||
| Facility type | 0.663 | 0.899 | |||||
| ambulatory | 33.8 (19.1–52.5) | 40.4 (29.8–52.0) | 44.1 (29.3–60.0) | 40.2 (26.0–56.2) | 16.6 (9.0–28.5) | ||
| basic | 59.9 (42.1–75.4) | 53.9 (42.7–64.8) | 35.4 (19.9–54.7) | 38.5 (23.5–55.9) | 83.4 (71.5–91.0) | ||
| complete | 6.4 (2.3–16.7) | 5.7 (2.8–11.3) | 20.6 (11.9–33.2) | 21.3 (13.1–32.9) | 0 (-) | ||
| Delivery room adapted to indigenous populations† | 1.5 (0.4–5.7) | 10.4 (4.6–21.9) | <0.001 | 16.5 (6.0–37.8) | 24.6 (9.8–49.5) | 0.440 | 63.1 (39.4–81.9) |
| Facility adapts services to the socio-cultural condition of the women | 86.8 (63.3–96.1) | 99.4 (97.4–99.8) | <0.001 | 46.6 (25.5–69.0) | 58.4 (37.8–76.4) | 0.398 | 88.7 (70.9–96.2) |
| Medical staff speak an indigenous language | 62.4 (39.7–80.7) | 99.4 (97.4–99.8) | <0.001 | 28.2 (13.3–50.0) | 48.8 (29.3–68.6) | 0.107 | 88.7 (70.9–96.2) |
| Allow accompaniment when coming for delivery† | 90.2 (75.4–96.5) | 89.5 (79.7–94.9) | 0.876 | 14.0 (4.0–38.9) | 34.0 (15.6–59.0) | 0.148 | 48.0 (26.4–70.4) |
| Allow accompaniment by community health worker† | 46.0 (25.1–68.4) | 12.3 (4.8–28.1) | 0.006 | 0 (-) | 0 (-) | 0 (-) | |
| Allow accompaniment by traditional birth attendant† | 99.9 (99.0–100.0) | 95.4 (87.3–98.4) | <0.001 | 100 (100) | 59.4 (19.0–90.2) | 0.278 | 78.3 (40.1–95.1) |
| Allowable position: in a bed† | 72.9 (52.0–87.0) | 54.0 (40.7–66.8) | 0.085 | 15.4 (5.2–37.5) | 30.7 (14.6–53.5) | 0.165 | 11.1 (3.0–33.3) |
| Allowable position: in a chair† | 30.7 (15.4–51.8) | 11.0 (5.5–20.7) | 0.016 | 0 (-) | 0 (-) | 40.4 (22.9–60.8) | |
| Allowable position: on knees† | 47.6 (28.5–67.4) | 43.7 (31.1–57.1) | 0.728 | 0 (-) | 0.3 (0.0–2.1) | 0.416 | 10.4 (2.6–33.4) |
| Allowable position: sitting† | 41.0 (23.2–61.4) | 29.8 (19.7–42.4) | 0.283 | 0 (-) | 0 (-) | 10.4 (2.6–33.4) | |
| Allowable position: squatting† | 41.4 (23.7–61.7) | 30.2 (20.0–42.7) | 0.278 | 0 (-) | 0.3 (0.0–2.1) | 0.416 | 10.4 (2.6–33.4) |
| Allowable position: standing† | 42.0 (24.1–62.2) | 33.0 (22.3–45.8) | 0.395 | 0 (-) | 0 (-) | 0 (-) | |
| Allowable position: vertically† | 20.0 (7.9–42.2) | 2.5 (0.9–6.8) | <0.001 | 30.9 (13.9–55.5) | 47.2 (27.7–67.6) | 0.210 | 10.4 (2.6–33.4) |
*Asked only of women who gave birth in a facility
† Applicable only to women whose closest birth facility had the capacity to attend births, i.e., those that were type basic or complete.