Table 3.
Bivariate and multivariate analysis for risk factors associated with lower-limb amputations.
| Risk factor | Amputations | Bivariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | RR/mean diff. (95% CI) | p value | Adjusted p value | |
| Gender, n (%) | |||||
| Male | 10 (17.5) | 47 (82.5) | 1.22 (0.45–3.29) | 0.70 | |
| Female | 5 (14.3) | 30 (85.7) | |||
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 72.3 (10.3) | 70.6 (12.4) | 1.69 (−4.50–7.89) | 0.74 | |
| Diabetes, n (%) | |||||
| Type 1 | 1.0 (9.0) | 10 (90.9) | 0.52 (0.07–3.61) | 0.78 | |
| Type 2 | 14 (17.3) | 67 (82.7) | |||
| Diabetes duration (years), mean (SD) | 23.9 (13.6) | 22.0 (12.0) | 1.90 (−6.00–9.81) | 0.79 | |
| Dialysis duration, mean (SD) | 5.5 (5.9) | 4.6 (3.9) | 0.81 (−2.55–4.18) | 0.92 | |
| Current or former smoker, n (%) | |||||
| Yes | 6 (15) | 34 (85) | 0.86 (0.33–2.23) | 0.78 | |
| No | 9 (17.3) | 43 (82.7) | |||
| Dyslipidaemia, n (%) | |||||
| Yes | 10 (15.9) | 53 (84.1) | 0.92 (0.34–2.45) | 0.85 | |
| No | 5 (17.2) | 43 (82.8) | |||
| Hypertension, n (%) | |||||
| Yes | 14 (18.0) | 64 (82.1) | 2.51 (0.35–17.61) | 0.35 | |
| No | 1 (7.14) | 13 (92.9) | |||
| Retinopathy, n (%) | |||||
| Yes | 15 (26.3) | 42 (73.7) | 3.94 (ne) | 0.02 | 0.023 |
| No | 0 (0.0) | 14 (100.0) | |||
| Amaurosis, n (%) | |||||
| Yes | 2 (18.8) | 9 (81.8) | 0.85 (0.22–3.26) | 0.86 | |
| No | 13 (12.3) | 48 (78.7) | |||
| Stroke, n (%) | |||||
| Yes | 2 (20.0) | 8 (80.0) | 1.26 (0.33–4.79) | 0.71 | |
| No | 13 (15.9) | 69 (84.1) | |||
| IHD, n (%) | |||||
| Yes | 4 (19.1) | 17 (81.0) | 1.21 (0.43–3.46) | 0.69 | |
| No | 11 (15.5) | 60 (84.5) | |||
| PN | |||||
| Yes | 15 (8.3) | 67 (81.7) | 1.64 (ne) | 0.21 | |
| No | 0 (0.0) | 8 (100.0) | |||
| PAD, n (%) | |||||
| Yes | 9 (17.7) | 42 (83.4) | 1.47 (0.34–6.29) | 0.31 | |
| No | 2 (8.3) | 22 (91.7) | |||
| Foot deformities, n (%) | |||||
| Yes | 6 (12.0) | 44 (88.0) | 0.51 | 0.24 | |
| No | 9 (21.4) | 33 (78.6) | |||
| AD, n (%) | |||||
| AD3 | 7 (20.0) | 28 (80.0) | 1.84 (0.63–5.31) | 0.27 | |
| AD1 or AD2 | 5 (10.9) | 41 (89.1) | |||
| Carotid plaques, n (%) | |||||
| Stenosing | 3 (50.0) | 3 (50) | 4.62 (1.64–13) | 0.03 | 0.12 |
| Nonstenosing | 8 (10.8) | 66 (89.2) | |||
| IMT, mean (SD) | 0.9 (0.2) | 0.9 (0.2) | 0.009 (−0.11–0.13) | 0.97 | |
AD, atheromatous disease; IHD, ischaemic heart disease; IMT, intima-media thickness; ne, nonestimable; PAD, peripheral artery disease; PN, peripheral neuropathy; RR, risk ratio.