Table 3. Comparison of the effect of Saffron and Training on changes of biochemical parameters in both A) diabetic and B) Non-diabetic groups.

A) Diabetic groups	Control (cn)	Training (tn)	Extract treated (ext)	Training + extract treated (tn + ext)	Metformin (Met)
Glucose mg/dl	392.20 ± 7.95	316.42 ± 9.04 *	305.28 ± 1.82*	292.28 ± 4.65*	162.9 ± 6.85*
Insulin mcIU/mL	6.04 ± 0.36	6.07 ± 0.36	6.15 ± 0.15	6.28 ± 0.30	5.98 ± 1.05
Insulin resistance μU/ml	6.25 ± 0.37	4.69 ± 0.31*	4.64 ± 0.13*	4.94 ± 0.21*	3.54 ± 0.62*
Glycated haemoglobin%	9.53 ± 0.35	7.40 ± 0.19*	7.02 ± 0.08*	6.96 ± 0.11*	6.32 ± 0.82*
Cholesterol mg/dl	122.85 ± 1.24	84.14 ± 1.63*	85.00 ± 0.57*	82.50 ± 1.49*	78.43 ± 2.02*
Triglyceride mg/dl	201.70 ± 4.48	152.28 ± 4.66*	143.00 ± 0.57*	138.33 ± 1.68*	119.37 ± 2.5*
HDL mmol/L	17.85 ± 0.73	19.42 ± 0.64	19.5 ± 0.15	18.93 ± 0.47	19.03 ± 1.29
LDL mg/dl	64.65 ± 1.08	37.25 ± 1.42*	36.90 ± 0.56*	34.50 ± 1.62*	40.84 ± 1.67
VLDL mg/dl	40.34 ± 0.89	30.45 ± 0.93*	28.60 ± 0.11*	27.67 ± 0.33*	29.62 ± 1.03*
Leptin ng/mL	3.28 ± 0.06	3.04 ± 0.29	2.78 ± 0.14	2.76 ± 0.08	2.13 ± 0.17*
Adiponectin ng/mL	6.31 ± 0.23	6.57 ± 0.70	6.50 ± 0.32	6.63 ± 0.23	7.91 ± 0.48*
B) Non-diabetic groups
Glucose mg/dl	107.4 ± 2.33	102.8 ± 1.45	107.33 ± 1.81	97.00 ± 1.62*
Insulin mcIU/mL	15.30 ± 0.15	15.29 ± 0.17	15.47 ± 0.15	15.27 ± 0.13
Insulin resistance μU/ml	4.06 ± 0.12	3.88 ± 0.09	4.10 ± 0.09	3.66 ± 0.08
Glycated haemoglobin%	1.98 ± 0.08	1.89 ± 0.07	1.86 ± 0.07	1.95 ± 0.07
Cholesterol mg/dl	70.85 ± 1.47	66.02 ± 1.69	68.33 ± 0.98	59.45 ± 0.93
Triglyceride mg/dl	75.14 ± 2.62	61.30 ± 1.57	65.88 ± 1.94	55.18 ± 1.31
HDL mmol/L	31.87 ± 1.88	33.70 ± 1.26	33.22 ± 1.53	32.72 ± 1.36
LDL mg/dl	24.22 ± 2.54	18.70 ± 2.50*	18.93 ± 2.02*	14.69 ± 1.97*
VLDL mg/dl	15.02 ± 0.52	12.26 ± 0.31*	11.77 ± 0.38*	11.03 ± 0.26*
Leptin ng/mL	3.05 ± 0.08	2.91 ± 0.05	2.76 ± 0.09	2.77 ± 0.02
Adiponectin ng/mL	6.23 ± 0.28	6.12 ± 0.06	5.39 ± 0.22	5.23 ± 0.25