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. 2016 Apr 28;7:531. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00531

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Copyright © 2016 Shah, Liang, Cheng and Daroch.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Scheme of two stage cultivation H. pluvialis biorefinery producing high value compound astaxanthin and either edible oil or biofuel compound-biodiesel. Green stage of cultivation can be performed using either photoautotrophic cultivation (deep green section) or hetero/mixotrophic cultivation (pale green section) systems. Red stage cultivation (red section) takes place after green stage of H. pluvialis cultivation and is aimed to maximize astaxanthin content Recycling of waste is performed through anaerobic digestion process. Following annotations are used: solid arrows—subsequent steps; dashed arrows—optional steps; double lines—final products; double arrows—inputs; dotted lines—opportunities for recycling resources.