Table 5.
Summary of astaxanthin extraction methods from H. pluvialis.
| Astaxanthin Extraction/Purification method | Astaxanthin yield/Extraction efficiency | References |
|---|---|---|
| SC-CO2 at 20 MPa, 55°C and13% (w/w) ethanol for 120 min of extraction time. | 83% recovery | Reyes et al., 2014 |
| CO2 expanded ethanol (50% %w/w ethanol), 7 MPa, 45°C, 120 min of extraction time. | 124.2% recovery | Reyes et al., 2014 |
| SC- CO2 at at 20 MPa, 60°C, 2 ml of ethanol for 1 h of extraction time | 2.45 mg/g DW | Fujii, 2012 |
| SC- CO2, co-solvent 0.154–1% (v/v) ethanol, 7–34 MPa, 30–80°C, 0–100 min | 74% recovery | Pan et al., 2012 |
| SC- CO2, co-solvent 1.25–8.75% (v/v) ethanol, 30–50 MPa, 35–75°C, 210 min | 87.4% recovery | Wang et al., 2012 |
| SC- CO2, co-solvent 0–12% (v/v) vegetable oils, 30–50 MPa 50–80°C 300 min | 51% recovery | Krichnavaruk et al., 2008 |
| SC- CO2, co-solvent 30–50 MPa 40–80°C 60–240 min | 84% recovery | Thana et al., 2008 |
| SC- CO2, co-solvent, 1.67–7.5% (v/v) ethanol 20–55 MPa 40–80°C, 240 min | 80% recovery | Machmudah et al., 2006 |
| SC- CO2, co-solvent 0, 10% (v/v) ethanol 20–30 MPa, 40–60°C | 90% recovery | Nobre et al., 2006 |
| SC- CO2, co-solvent 0, 9.4% (w/w) ethanol, 30 MPa at 60°C | 97% recovery | Valderrama et al., 2003 |
| Cell germination (12 h), Ionic liquid (1-ethyl-3- methylimidazolium ethylsulfate) (24 h), | 32.5 pg/cell | Praveenkumar et al., 2015 |
| Direct extraction using liquefid dimethyl ether (DME) at 0.59 MPa and 25°C, without drying, cell disruption, or heating, | 1 (mg/g cell) | Boonnoun et al., 2014 |
| HCl:acetone (5:5), 70°C, 20 min | 19.8 mg/g cell | Dong et al., 2014 |
| Ultrasound in solvent (EtOH and EA), 16 min, 41°C, 40 kHz, 200 W, EtOH: ethyl acetate (20:1) | 28 (mg/g) | Zou et al., 2013 |
| Grinding three repetitions, pressurized hexane (10.3 Mpa) | 35 (mg/g cell) | Jaime et al., 2010 |
| Treating with enzymes (Viscozyme, Alcalase) at 50°C, 2 h | 2649 ± 359 μg/g cell | In, 2009 |
| Dodecane mixing 48 h, saponification with methanolic NaOH (0.02 M), sedimentation in darkness at 4°C, 12 h. | 85% efficiency | Kang and Sim, 2008 |
| Acid digestion, 2 N HCl, 70°C. Acetone extraction for 1 h | 87% efficiency | Sarada et al., 2006 |
| NaOH 30 min, Acetone (16 h) | 7 (mg/g cell) | Mendes-Pinto et al., 2001 |
| 40% (v/v) acetone for 2 min at 80°C, followed by lyophilization or treatment with specific lytic enzymes | 70% recovery | Kobayashi et al., 1997c |
SC, supercritical; EA, ethyl acetate.