Table 4.
Diversity of major potential toxin families identified in cnidarian venoms using transcriptomic and/or proteomic (MS/MS) analyses.
| Toxin Family | Class Scyphozoa | Class Cubozoa | Class Hydrozoa | Class Anthozoa | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cyanea capillata | Stomolophus meleagris | Aurelia aurita | Chrysaora fuscescens | Chironex fleckeri | Malo kingi | Carukia barnesi | Olindias sambaquiensis | Hydra vulgaris | Anemonia viridis | Nematostella vectensis | Acropora digitifera | ||
| Proteinases | (E) Cysteine protease; (T) astacin, zinc and matrix metallo-proteinases, serine proteases; ECE-1 | (T) Zinc metallo-proteinases | (T) Zinc metallo-proteinases; ECE-1 | (T, P) Serine peptidases, zinc metallo-proteinases, ECE-1 and -2 | (T,P) Serine peptidases; astacin and zinc metallo-proteinases; (P) ECE-2 and 2-like | (E) Serine peptidases; carboxy-peptidases; metalloproteases | (E) Serine peptidases | (P) Serine peptidases; zinc metallo-proteinases | (P) Serine peptidases; zinc metallo-proteinase; (T, P) ECE-1 | (T) ECE-1 | (T) Astacin-like metallo-proteinase | (T, P) Serine peptidases; astacin and other metallo-proteinases | |
| Lipases | (E, T) PLA2; (T) PLD; LALs | (T) PLA2 and PLB1 | (T, P) PLA2 | (T) LALs; PLA2 and PLB2 | (T) LALs; PLA2 | - | - | (P) PLA2 | (E, T, P) PLA2 | - | (T) | (T, P) LALs; endothelial lipase; PLB; PLA1; PLA2 | |
| Deoxyribonu-cleases | (T) Plancitoxin-like | - | - | (T) Plancitoxin-like | - | - | - | - | (E) Plancitoxin-like | - | - | - | |
| Cytolysins | (E) Hemolysin C | (T) Hemolysins (homologues to ryncolin, veficolin, hemolysin hlyIII) | - | - | - | - | - | (P) AvTX-60A and PsTX-like | (E) Actinoporins and hydralysins | (T) Actinoporin-like | - | (T, P) Bandaporin; actinoporin; urticinatoxin | |
| Pore-forming (cnidarian toxin family) | (T) CfTX-like; (P) CcTX-1 | - | (T,P) 1 AaTX-1 and -2; CaTX-like | (T, P) CfusTX-1 | (T, P) CfTXs | (E) MkTXs (CfTX-like) | - | - | (T, P) CaTX-like | (T) CaTX-like | - | (T, P) CfTX-1-like | |
| Pore-forming (MAC-PF) | - | - | (T, P) | - | - | - | - | - | (T, P) | (T, P) | - | - | |
| CRISPs | - | - | * | (T, P) allergen V5/Tpx-1-related | (T) allergen V5/Tpx-1-related | - | - | - | (E) venom allergen 5 | * | (T) venom allergen 5 /PR-1-like | - | |
| C-type lectins | - | (T) | (T) | (T, P) | (T, P) | - | - | - | (T, P) | - | (T) | (T, P) | |
| Protease inhibitors | (T) Kazal-type; Kunitz-type | (T) Kunitz-type | (T) Kunitz-type | (T, P) Kunitz-type | (T, P) Cysteine protease inhibitors; Kunitz-type; Kazal-type | (E) Kazal-type | - | - | (T, P) Cysteine protease inhibitors; Kunitz-type | (P) Kunitz-type | - | (T, P) Kunitz-type | |
| Proteins with ShKT domains | - | (T) 1–4 domains + other protein domains | (T) 1–3 domains + other protein domains | (T) 1–4 domains + other protein domains; (P) CRISP-like protein and C-type lectin | (T, P) + astacin domains | (E) | (E) | - | (E, T, P) + metalloprotease-like protein domains | (T, P) | (T) | - | |
| Neurotoxins (modulators of nicotinic receptors or presynaptic nerve endings) | - | (T) Botulinum neurotoxins; α-latrocrusto-toxin-Lt1a | - | - | - | - | - | (P) κ-4-Bungarotoxin; α-latrocrusto-toxin-Lt1a | - | - | - | - | |
| Neurotoxins (K+ channel blockers) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | (E) Kalicludine-like | (T, P) ShK toxins, BDS-like | - | - | |
| Neurotoxins (Na+ channel blockers) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | (T, P) Av1, Av2 and Av3 | (T) Nv1 | (T, P) Av1-like | ||
| Associated References | [35,43,53] | [23] | [24] | Present work | [26,37,40] | [56] | [56] | [20] | [24,36,79] | [5,24] | [25,72,73,95,96] | [54] | |