ARA [149] |
Maintain normal balance between bone mineral accrual and bone resorption during infant development |
ARA, growth hormones [150,151] |
Increase insulin-like growth factor gene expression and induction of osteoblast-dependent bone formation |
Vitamin D3 [128,133] |
Mediate vitamin D3 coordination of chondrocyte proliferation in the epiphyseal growth plates of long bones. Parathyroid hormone secretion |
Calcium and phosphorous [152] |
Regulation of parathyroid hormone secretion in response to blood mineral concentrations |
Parathyroid hormone [149,150] |
ARA mediated/activated pathway involved in the activation and secretion of vitamin D3 by kidneys |
Physical activity [153] |
ARA mediates bone adaptation to changes in physical stress through mechanisms which mediate resorption and remodeling |