Table 2.
Odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for incident chronic kidney disease according to quintiles of vitamin intakes.
| Quintiles | p for Trend * | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q 1 | Q 3 | Q 5 | ||
| Thiamin (mg) (% EAR) | 1.11(119.2) | 1.82 (192.0) | 2.99 (332.7) | |
| Model 1 | Ref. | 0.97 (0.67–1.40) | 0.88 (0.61–1.29) | 0.212 |
| Model 2 | Ref. | 1.20 (0.75–1.92) | 1.11 (0.57–2.16) | 0.823 |
| Riboflavin (mg) (% EAR) | 1.04 (106.5) | 1.88 (191.2) | 3.29 (329.3) | |
| Model 1 | Ref. | 1.24 (0.84–1.83) | 1.43 (0.98–2.10) | 0.249 |
| Model 2 | Ref. | 1.35 (0.84–2.16) | 1.70 (0.92–3.14) | 0.396 |
| Niacin (mg) (% EAR) | 12.52 (110.0) | 20.82 (181.7) | 34.41 (315.5) | |
| Model 1 | Ref. | 1.08 (0.73–1.60) | 1.14 (0.78–1.68) | 0.997 |
| Model 2 | Ref. | 1.26 (0.78–2.04) | 1.56 (0.80–3.07) | 0.336 |
| Pyridoxine (mg) (% EAR) | 1.11 (96.6) | 1.08 (160.2) | 3.08 (265.8) | |
| Model 1 | Ref. | 1.25 (0.85–1.85) | 1.37 (0.94–2.01) | 0.242 |
| Model 2 | Ref. | 1.37 (0.85–2.2) | 1.60 (0.83–3.09) | 0.357 |
| Folate (µg) (% EAR) | 245.8 (104.9) | 448.2 (138.8) | 628.2 (258.8) | |
| Model 1 | Ref. | 0.87 (0.60–1.25) | 0.62 (0.42–0.92) | 0.027 |
| Model 2 | Ref. | 0.78 (0.50–1.23) | 0.44 (0.24–0.80) | 0.007 |
| Cobalamin (µg) (% EAR) | 2.2 (109.1) | 3.6 (181.8) | 7.4 (369.7) | |
| Model 1 | Ref. | 0.72 (0.50–1.05) | 0.58 (0.40–0.86) | 0.005 |
| Model 2 | Ref. | 0.71 (0.46–1.09) | 0.57 (0.34–0.93) | 0.023 |
| Vitamin C (mg) (% EAR) | 52.2 (85.6) | 124.9 (187.0) | 268.2 (445.4) | |
| Model 1 | Ref. | 0.78 (0.48–1.25) | 0.70 (0.43–1.15) | 0.077 |
| Model 2 | Ref. | 0.62 (0.36–1.05) | 0.38 (0.21–0.69) | <0.001 |
| Vitamin A (µg) (% EAR) | 197.4 (35.2) | 425.8 (77.0) | 859.9 (188.2) | |
| Model 1 | Ref. | 1.04 (0.60–1.79) | 1.46 (0.88–2.44) | 0.377 |
| Model 2 | Ref. | 0.85 (0.46–1.56) | 1.15 (0.61–2.16) | 0.837 |
| Vitamin D (µg) (% EAR) | 0.61 (6.1) | 1.18 (15.3) | 4.09 (40.9) | |
| Model 1 | Ref. | 0.59 (0.36–0.95) | 0.35 (0.20–0.62) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | Ref. | 0.64 (0.38–1.07) | 0.39 (0.21–0.70) | 0.002 |
| Vitamin E (mg) (% EAR) | 6.06 (50.5) | 10.76 (89.7) | 17.61 (163.3) | |
| Model 1 | Ref. | 0.79 (0.47–1.31) | 0.72 (0.43–1.21) | 0.079 |
| Model 2 | Ref. | 0.67 (0.38–1.19) | 0.45 (0.22–0.92) | 0.005 |
EAR: Estimated Average Requirement; Model 1: Adjusted for age; Model 2: Further adjusted for sex, and energy intake, serum triglycerides, serum cholesterol, BMI, hypertension, diabetes, physical activity, and smoking; * Based on logistic regression model using median intake of vitamins in each quintile as a continuous variable.