Table 1.
Risk of Autistic Disorder (AD) in relation to latitude & Risk of Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD) in relation to latitude.
| Reference | Country, Area | Latitude | Age | Diagnosis | Prevalence/10,000 | CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Risk of Autistic Disorder (AD) in relation to latitude | ||||||
| [36] | China, Tianjin | 39.13°N | 8 | DSM-IV/CABS-CV, CARS-CV | 10.9 | 3.4–25.4 |
| [37] | UK, South East Thames | 51.24°N | 7 | ICD-10/CHAT, CR, PDD-Q | 30.8 | 22.9–40.6 |
| [38] | UK, Staffordshire and Cannock | 52.80°N | 4–6 | ICD-10, DSM-IV/multidisciplinary screening ADI-R | 18.9 | 14.1–25.0 |
| [17] | UK, Staffordshire | 52.80°N | 2.5–6.5 | DSM-IV/Clinical evaluation, ADI-R | 16.8 | 11.0–24.6 |
| [39] | Sweden, Goteborg | 57.70°N | 3–6 | ICD-10/Clinical evaluation, ADI-R | 46.4 | 16.1–76.6 |
| [40] | Sweden, Karlstad | 59.37°N | 7 | ICD-10/ASSQ (cut off teachers only: 17), Clinical evaluation, ADI-R | 60.0 | 19.0–141.0 |
| [41] | Finland, Northern Ostrobothnia | 63.91°N | 8 | DSM-IV-TR, DSM-5/ASSQ (cut off: 30 parents and teacher combined), ADI-R, ADOS-3 | 41.0 | 26.0–64.0 |
| Risk of Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD) in relation to latitude | ||||||
| [42] | UAE, 3 regions | 24.46°N | 3 | DSM-IV/ASC (cut off: 15), Clinical evaluation | 29.0 | 0–79.0 |
| [43] | Iran, Country wide | 32.00°N | 5 | DSM-IV/National screening, SCQ, ADI-R | 6.3 | 5.8–6.7 |
| [44] | Argentina, San Isidro | 34.28°S | 0–5 | DSM-IV/PRUNAPE, BDI, VABS, multi-disciplinary evaluation | 13.1 | - |
| [45] | Japan, Toyota | 35.08°N | 5–8 | DSM-IV/Integral screening system, Direct clinical evaluation | 181.1 | - |
| [37] | UK, South East Thames | 51.24°N | 7 | ICD-10/CHAT, CR, PDD-Q | 57.9 | 46.8–70.9 |
| [38] | UK, Staffordshire and Cannock | 52.80°N | 4–6 | ICD-10, DSM-IV/multidisciplinary screening, ADI-R | 58.7 | 45.2–74.9 |
| [17] | UK, Staffordshire | 52.80°N | 2.5–6.5 | DSM-IV/Clinical evaluation, ADI-R | 61.9 | 50.2–75.6 |
DSM-IV, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fourth Edition; CABS-CV, Clancy Autism Behaviour Checklist-Chinese Version; CARS, Childhood Autism Rating Scale; ICD-10, International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (10th edition); CHAT, Checklist for Autism in Toddlers; CR, Checklist for referral; PDD-Q, Pervasive Developmental Disorder-Questionnaire; ADI-R, Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised; ASSQ, Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire; ADOS-3, Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Module 3; ASC, Autism Screening Questionnaire; SCQ, Social Communication Questionnaire; PRUNAPE, Prueba Nacional de Pesquisa; BDI, Battelle Developmental Inventory; VABS, Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scales.