Table 2.
Main volatile compounds identified (expressed as percentage of the peak area of each compound compared to the total area) ad in the wines produced by S. cerevisiae and non-Saccharomyces strains.
| Line | Compounds | CS | SRS1 | RT73 | SRS1+STS12 | STS12 | STS45 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ALCOHOL | |||||||
| 1* | (2E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol | – | 0.1 ± 0.09 | – | – | – | – |
| 2 | 3,7,11-Trimethyl-1,6,10-dodecatrien-3-ol | – | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.2 ± 0.09 | – | – | – |
| 3 | 1-butanol | 0.3 ± 0.0 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.11 | 0.53 ± 0.05 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.02 |
| 4 | 1-dodecanol | – | 0.07 ± 0.05 | – | – | – | – |
| 5 | 1-nonanol | – | – | 0.03 ± 0.02 | – | – | – |
| 6 | 1-octanol | 0.37 ± 0.15 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | – | – | – | – |
| 7 | Oct-1-en-3-ol | – | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.03 | 0.1 ± 0.01 | 0.1 ± 0.02 | 0.1 ± 0.01 |
| 8 | 1-pentanol | – | – | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.17 ± 0.02 | 0.2 ± 0.01 | 0.1 ± 0.01 |
| 9 | 1-undecanol | 0.03 ± 0.01 | – | – | – | – | – |
| 10 | 2,2 ethoxyethoxy ethanol | – | – | – | – | 0.1 ± 0.01 | – |
| 11 | 2,3-butandiol | 0.35 ± 0.10 | 0.27 ± 0.11 | 0.7 ± 0.11 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.02 | 0.2 ± 0.02 |
| 12 | 2,3-dimethyl-2-hexanol | – | 0.1 ± 0.03 | – | – | – | – |
| 13 | 2-decen-1-ol | – | – | – | – | 0.2 ± 0.02 | 0.1 ± 0.01 |
| 14 | 2-ethyl-1-hexanol | 0.2 ± 0.05 | 0.17 ± 0.03 | – | – | – | – |
| 15 | 2-methyl 1-propanol | 0.97 ± 0.12 | 1.73 ± 0.60 | 1.93 ± 0.77 | 2.17 ± 0.15 | 2.5 ± 0.7 | 2.8 ± 0.8 |
| 16 | 2-octanol | – | – | – | 0.13 ± 0.05 | 0.1 ± 0.01 | 0.1| ± 0.01 |
| 17 | 2-pentanol | – | – | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.13 ± 0.01 | 0.2 ± 0.01 | – |
| 18 | 3,4-dimethyl-2-hexanol | 0.23 ± 0.09 | 0.1 ± 0.04 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.02 | – | – |
| 19 | 3-hexen-1-ol | – | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.13 ± 0.04 | 0.2 ± 0.08 | 0.2 ± 0.01 | 0.1 ± 0.01 |
| 20 | 3-methyl-1-pentanol | – | – | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.1 ± 0.01 | – |
| 21 | 3-(methylthio)-1-propanol | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | – | – | – |
| 22 | 5-methyl-2-hexanol | – | – | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.4 ± 0.12 | 0.7 ± 0.03 | 0.1 ± 0.01 |
| 23 | 5-methoxy-1-pentanol | 0.17 ± 0.07 | 0.07 ± 0.02 | – | – | – | – |
| 24 | 6,10,13-trimethyl-1-tetradecanol | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | – | – | – | 0.2 ± 0.01 |
| 25 | 3,7-dimethyloct-6-en-1-ol | – | 0.1 ± 0.02 | – | – | – | – |
| 26 | Phenylmethanol | 0.23 ± 0.06 | 0.23 ± 0.04 | 0.13 ± 0.04 | 0.13 ± 0.05 | 0.1 ± 0.01 | 0.1 ± 0.01 |
| 27 | 2-ethoxyethanol | – | – | 0.03 ± 0.01 | – | – | – |
| 28 | 1-hexanol | 0.63 ± 0.05 | 0.83 ± 0.32 | 1.5 ± 0.7 | 2.27 ± 0.15 | 1.7 ± 0.7 | 1.3 ± 0.6 |
| 29 | 1-heptanol | – | 0.07 ± 0.01 | – | – | – | – |
| 30 | 2-phenylethanol | 21.2 ± 7.59 | 16.03 ± 5.72 | 12.77 ± 5.98 | 8.07 ± 1.59 | 11.7 ± 2.5 | 10.4 ± 2.68 |
| Total | 24.78 | 20.80 | 18.41 | 14.74 | 19.0 | 16.2 | |
| ALDEHYDES | |||||||
| 31 | 3-furaldehyde | – | – | – | 0.1 ± 0.01 | 0.3 ± 0.08 | 0.4 ± 0.2 |
| 32 | Benzaldehyde | 0.83 ± 0.05 | 0.87 ± 0.15 | 0.17 ± 0.05 | 0.63 ± 0.15 | 1.0 ± 0.3 | 1.0 ± 0.33 |
| 33 | 2-Phenylacetaldehyde | – | – | – | – | – | 0.1 ± 0.03 |
| 34 | Carbaldeide | – | – | – | – | 0.1 ± 0.01 | 0.1 ± 0.02 |
| 35 | Decanal | 0.17 ± 0.02 | 0.17 ± 0.08 | – | – | – | – |
| 36 | Furan-2-carbaldehyde | 0.17 ± 0.05 | 0.23 ± 0.05 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | – | – |
| 37 | Heptanal | 0.07 ± 0.01 | – | – | – | – | – |
| 38 | Nonanal | 0.27 ± 0.01 | 0.3 ± 0.16 | – | – | – | – |
| Total | 1.51 | 1.57 | 0.24 | 0.80 | 1.4 | 1.6 | |
| KETONS | |||||||
| 39 | 2,3-butanedione | – | – | 0.17 ± 0.0.01 | 0.13 ± 0.01 | – | – |
| 40 | (E)-1-(2,6,6-Trimethyl-1-cyclohexa-1,3-dienyl)but-2-en-1-one | 0.1 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | – | – | – | 0.1 ± 0.01 |
| 41 | 3-hexanone | – | – | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.1 ± 0.01 | 0.1 ± 0.03 |
| 42 | 3-hydroxy-2-butanone | – | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.1 ± 0.01 | 0.1 ± 0.02 |
| Total | 0.1 | 0.14 | 0.23 | 0.27 | 0.2 | 0.3 | |
| ESTERS | |||||||
| 43 | 2-methylbut-1-yl ethanoate | – | – | 2.53 ± 0.38 | 5.4 ± 0.52 | 3.8 ± 0.7 | 4.1 ± 1.59 |
| 44 | 3-methylbut-1-yl ethanoate | 3.37 ± 0.8 | 3.47 ± 1.02 | 2.13 ± 0.73 | 0.63 ± 0.23 | 0.6 ± 0.2 | 0.6 ± 0.23 |
| 45 | 3-methylbut-1-yl methanoate | 19.97 ± 1.05 | 31.1 ± 11.19 | 41.7 ± 2.68 | 37.33 ± 3.13 | 36.4 ± 3.78 | 39.8 ± 3.89 |
| 46 | Ethyl furan-2-carboxylate | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.13 ± 0.01 | – | – | 0.1 ± 0.01 | – |
| 47 | Pentan-2-yl methanoate | – | 0.03 ± 0.01 | – | – | – | – |
| 48 | 3,7-dimethyloct-6-enyl methanoate | 0.07 ± 0.01 | – | – | – | – | – |
| 49 | 2-methylpropyl acetate | – | – | 0.23 ± 0.1 | 0.43 ± 0.05 | 0.2 ± 0.04 | 0.4 ± 0.2 |
| 50 | 2-phenylethyl ethanoate | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 0.73 ± 0.16 | 0.13 ± 0.05 | 0.1 ± 0.01 | 0.1 ± 0.01 | 0.2 ± 0.1 |
| 51 | Hexyl ethanoate | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.67 ± 0.26 | – | – | – | – |
| 52 | Ethyl phenylacetate | 0.1 ± 0.01 | 0.1 ± 0.01 | – | – | – | – |
| 53 | Ethyl 3-phenylpropanoate | – | 0.07 ± 0.01 | – | – | – | – |
| 54 | Benzyl 2-hydroxybenzoate | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.67 ± 0.17 | 0.27 ± 0.15 | 0.17 ± 0.05 | 0.2 ± 0.03 | 0.2 ± 0.08 |
| 55 | Butanedioic acid, diethyl ester | 2.0 ± 0.26 | 1.8 ± 0.40 | 1.3 ± 0.78 | 1.5 ± 0.65 | 1.3 ± 0.5 | 0.9 ± 0.03 |
| 56 | Ethyl butanoate | 0.63 ± 0.05 | 1.23 ± 0.41 | 1.37 ± 0.11 | 1.3 ± 0.12 | 1.2 ± 0.37 | 1.2 ± 0.2 |
| 57 | Ethyl 2-methylbutanoate | 0.1 ± 0.01 | 0.1 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.1 ± 0.01 | 0.1 ± 0.02 | 0.1 ± 0.04 |
| 58 | Ethyl 3-methylbutanoate | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.1 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.1 ± 0.01 | 0.1 ± 0.01 | 0.1 ± 0.02 |
| 59 | Ethyl decanoate | 3.37 ± 0.51 | 1.03 ± 0.56 | 0.33 ± 0.2 | 0.13 ± 0.05 | – | – |
| 60 | Ethyl ethanoate | 9.07 ± 0.92 | 15.07 ± 2.44 | 17.13 ± 1.44 | 20.93 ± 4.66 | 17.6 ± 3.54 | 13.9 ± 2.73 |
| 61 | Ethyl heptanoate | 0.2 ± 0.01 | 0.3 ± 0.08 | – | – | – | 0.1 ± 0.02 |
| 62 | 3-Oxohexanedioic Acid Diethyl Ester | – | 0.03 ± 0.01 | – | 4.3 ± 1.08 | – | – |
| 63 | Ethyl hexanoate | 3.73 ± 0.75 | 5.03 ± 2.49 | 2.73 ± 1.08 | – | 4.6 ± 1.79 | 2.8 ± 0.74 |
| 64 | methyl 3-metoxy-aminopropanoate | – | – | 0.03 ± 0.01 | – | – | – |
| 65 | Ethyl octanoate | 12.27 ± 0.97 | 7.0 ± 1.94 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | – | – | – |
| 66 | Methyl octanoate | – | 2.37 ± 0.98 | – | – | – | – |
| 67 | Ethyl 2-hydroxypropanoate | 0.73 ± 0.31 | 1.2 ± 0.85 | 2.13 ± 0.97 | 1.1 ± 0.9 | – | 0.8 ± 0.06 |
| 68 | Ethyl 2-methylpropanoate | – | 0.07 ± 0.01 | – | 1.23 ± 0.78 | 1.3 ± 0.75 | – |
| 69 | Ethyl undecanoate | – | – | 1.3 ± 0.86 | 2.63 ± 1.1 | 4.6 ± 1.23 | 4.0 ± 1.35 |
| Total | 57.42 | 71.30 | 73.75 | 77.38 | 72.20 | 69.2 | |
| ACIDS | |||||||
| 70 | 3-methyl butanoic acid | – | – | 0.23 ± 0.09 | 0.3 ± 0.02 | 0.4 ± 0.03 | 0.4 ± 0.11 |
| 71 | Acetic acid | 2.27 ± 0.47 | 3.03 ± 1.05 | 3.73 ± 1.71 | 3.77 ± 1.19 | 3.0 ± 1.25 | 1.7 ± 0.64 |
| 72 | 4-hydroxy-butanoic acid | – | 0.07 ± 0.01 | – | – | – | – |
| 73 | Hexanoic acid | 0.53 ± 0.2 | 0.23 ± 0.05 | 0.2 ± 0.03 | 0.23 ± 0.05 | 0.6 ± 0.05 | 0.3 ± 0.17 |
| 74 | Octanoic acid | 1.2 ± 0.75 | 0.33 ± 0.1 | 0.57 ± 0.13 | 0.1 ± 0.01 | 0.5 ± 0.06 | 0.4 ± 0.09 |
| 75 | Propanoic acid | 0.07 ± 0.01 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Total | 4.07 | 3.66 | 4.73 | 4.40 | 4.50 | 2.8 | |
| TERPENS | |||||||
| 76 | 3,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[4.1.0]hept-3-ene | 0.07 ± 0.02 | – | – | – | – | – |
| 77 | 2-(4-Methyl-1-cyclohex-3-enyl)propan-2-ol | – | 0.03 ± 0.01 | – | – | – | – |
| Total | 0.07 | 0.03 | |||||
| AROMATICS | |||||||
| 78 | Phenylethene | 0.07 ± 0.03 | 0.13 ± 0.08 | – | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 0.1 ± 0.03 | 0.1 ± 0.02 |
| 79 | 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)benzene | 0.17 ± 0.08 | 0.1 ± 0.01 | – | – | – | 0.1 ± 0.01 |
| 80 | 1,3 dymethyl, 2-ethyl benzene | – | – | – | – | 0.1 ± 0.02 | 0.3 ± 0.04 |
| 81 | Toluene | – | – | – | – | – | 0.1 ± 0.02 |
| 82 | Dithiolane | – | – | – | – | 0.1 ± 0.05 | 0.1 ± 0.04 |
| Total | 0.24 | 0.23 | 0.03 | 0.3 | 0.7 | ||
| PHENOLS | |||||||
| 83 | 4,4′-(propane-2,2-diyl)diphenol | – | 0.1 ± 0.01 | – | – | – | – |
| 84 | 4-methyl phenol | – | 0.1 ± 0.02 | – | – | – | 0.1 ± 0.01 |
| Total | 0.2 | 0.1 | |||||
| OTHERS | |||||||
| 85 | 1-methoxy octane | – | – | – | 0.07 ± 0.01 | – | 0.2 ± 0.01 |
| 86 | 1-chlorooctane | – | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.17 ± 0.08 | – | – | – |
| 87 | 1-methoxy-2-methyl-propane | 0.13 ± 0.05 | – | – | 0.17 ± 0.02 | – | – |
| 88 | 4-amino-1,2,4-triazole | 0.4 ± 0.1 | – | – | – | – | – |
| 89 | Pentamine | 0.13 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.02 | – | – | – | – |
| 90 | 2-pentylfuran | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.03 | – | – | – | – |
| 91 | 3-heptene | – | – | – | – | – | 0.1 ± 0.01 |
| 92 | Ciclo-heptane | 0.27 ± 0.05 | 0.2 ± 0.17 | – | 0.13 ± 0.01 | – | – |
| 93 | Decamethyl cyclopentasiloxane | – | – | – | 0.23 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.09 | 0.6 ± 0.13 |
| 94 | 2-heptamethyl nonene | – | – | – | 0.17 ± 0.08 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.09 |
| 95 | 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine | – | – | – | – | – | 0.1 ± 0.02 |
| 96 | Silane | 1.4 ± 0.31 | 0.1 ± 0.43 | 1.0 ± 0.73 | – | – | – |
| 97 | Indole | – | – | 0.03 ± 0.02 | – | – | – |
| 98 | Thiolane | – | – | 0.2 ± 0.01 | 0.4 ± 0.07 | 0.1 ± 0.07 | 1.9 ± 0.8 |
| 99 | Dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one | – | – | 0.17 ± 0.07 | 0.3 ± 0.01 | 0.3 ± 0.02 | 0.1 ± 0.09 |
| 100 | 2-thiophene acetic acid | – | – | 0.27 ± 0.09 | 0.37 ± 0.12 | 0.1 ± 0.04 | 4.2 ± 1.33 |
| 101 | 3-thiopheneethanol | 2.4 ± 0.6 | 0.63 ± 0.25 | – | – | – | – |
| Total | 4.76 | 1.1 | 1.84 | 1.84 | 1.4 | 8.1 | |
*
, metabolite number corresponding in the heatmap.