Table 1.
Participant characteristics, metabolic profiles, blood pressures, and medications between participants without metabolic syndrome (No MetS) and those with metabolic syndrome (MetS)
| Variables | No Mets (n = 183) | Mets (n = 75) | P valuea | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | N | ||||
| Participant characteristics | |||||
| Sex, No. (%) | |||||
| Male | 77 (63.1) | 45 (36.9) | 0.009 | ||
| Female | 106 (77.9) | 30 (22.06) | |||
| Age, Mean (SD), years | 183 | 65.8 (6.8) | 75 | 66.0 (5.7) | 0.84 |
| [55–65], No. (%) | 91 (49.7) | 35 (46.7) | 0.03 | ||
| 66 and +, No. (%) | 92 (50.3) | 40 (53.3) | |||
| Weight, Mean (SD), kg | 183 | 73.9 (13.6) | 75 | 85.7 (13.4) | <0.001 |
| BMI, Mean (SD), kg/m² | 183 | 26.1 (3.5) | 75 | 29.2 (3.4) | <0.001 |
| Body fat, Mean (SD), % | 177 | 31.4 (7.8) | 75 | 33.4 (6.2) | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference, Mean (SD), cm | 181 | 91.8 (13.7) | 75 | 104.0 (9.9) | <0.001 |
| , Mean (SD), mL/kg/min | 182 | 26.7 (5.8) | 74 | 24.7 (4.5) | <0.001 |
| Education, No. (%) | |||||
| High school or equivalent | 39 (21.3) | 20 (26.7) | 0.983c | ||
| Tertiary education | 144 (78.7) | 55 (73.3) | |||
| Working status, No. (%) | |||||
| Working | 63 (34.4) | 26 (34.7) | 0.82 | ||
| Semi | 16 (8.7) | 8 (10.7) | |||
| Retired | 104 (56.8) | 41 (54.7) | |||
| Drinking status, No. (%) | |||||
| Light drinker | 141 (95.3) | 53 (81.5) | 0.01 | ||
| Drinker | 7 (4.7) | 12 (18.5) | |||
| Smoking history, No. (%) | |||||
| Never smoked | 105 (58.0) | 34 (45.3) | 0.21 | ||
| Ever smoked | 76 (42.0) | 41 (54.7) | |||
| Genetic characteristics | |||||
| APOE, No. (%) | |||||
| ε4+ | 45 (25.9) | 18 (26.5) | 0.98 | ||
| ε4− | 129 (74.1) | 50 (73.5) | |||
| Metabolic characteristics, Mean (SD) | |||||
| Glucose, mmol/L | 183 | 5.2 (0.5) | 74 | 6.0 (0.9) | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 183 | 1.1 (0.3) | 75 | 1.9 (0.7) | <0.001 |
| Cholesterol, mmol/L | 183 | 5.4 (0.9) | 75 | 5.2 (1.1) | 0.68 |
| HDL, mmol/L | 183 | 1.8 (0.5) | 75 | 1.3 (0.3) | <0.001 |
| LDL, mmol/L | 183 | 3.1 (0.7) | 75 | 3.1 (1.0) | 0.84 |
| Total cholesterol/HDL | 183 | 3.2 (0.8) | 75 | 4.3 (1.3) | <0.001 |
| Insulin, pmol/L | 181 | 44.7 (23.7) | 75 | 72.4 (36.6) | <0.001 |
| HOMA | 181 | 1.5 (0.9) | 74 | 2.9 (1.7) | <0.001 |
| hsCRP, mG/L | 182 | 1.3 (1.6) | 74 | 2.4 (3.4) | 0.001 |
| Blood pressure, Mean (SD), mmHg | |||||
| Systolic BP | 183 | 122.0 (14.7) | 75 | 132.0 (15.8) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic BP | 183 | 70.7 (8.3) | 75 | 75.4 (8.5) | 0.001 |
| MAP | 183 | 87.8 (9.4) | 75 | 94.3 (9.6) | <0.001 |
| Metabolic syndrome factors, No. (%) | |||||
| High waist circumference | 70 (38.3) | 61 (81.3) | <0.001 | ||
| High triglycerides | 7 (3.8) | 47 (62.7) | <0.001 | ||
| Low HDL | 19 (10.4) | 43 (57.3) | <0.001 | ||
| Hypertensive | 66 (36.1) | 62 (82.7) | <0.001 | ||
| High glucose | 43 (23.5 | 59 (78.7) | <0.001 | ||
| Medications, No. (%) | |||||
| Antihypertensive | 30 (16.4) | 39 (52.0) | <0.001 | ||
| Antihyperglycemicb | 1 (0.5) | 7 (9.3) | <0.001 | ||
| Antihyperlipidemic | 11 (6.0) | 19 (25.3) | <0.001 | ||
MetS, metabolic syndrome; BMI, Body mass index; , Maximal oxygen uptake; APOE, Apolipoprotein E; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL, Low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA, Homeostatic model assessment; HsCRP, High‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein; BP, Blood Pressure; MAP, Mean arterial blood pressure.
a
Calculated from t test or χ 2
b
Probability calculated from fisher exact test.
c
Interaction between MetS status and sex, P = 0.0091