Figure 3.

(A) Heat map depiction of the expression profile of toll‐like receptor signaling genes, a representative activated pathway in HIV ⁺ patients with low DLCO. Several members of this pathway such as IL‐6, CD14, and toll‐like receptor (TLR) 4 have been implicated in the pathogenesis of immune activation during chronic HIV infection and may play a role in impaired lung diffusing capacity. (B) Confirmation of up‐regulation of plasma IL‐6 levels in HIV ⁺ patients with low DLCO compared to other subject groups (one‐way analyses of variance (ANOVA) P‐value across all groups <0.002, Student's two‐tailed t‐test P‐values are displayed in Figure).