Table 4.
Tests of question wording and question order effects for eight questions about AD (Means from MANOVA; SD in parenthesis)
| Variables | Q1 (PAS for terminal disease) | Q2 (E for terminal disease) | Q3 (AD for chronic disease) | Q4 (AD for mental illness) | Q5 (AD for tiredness of life) | Q6 (pressure on weak groups) | Q7 (palliative care) | Q8 (NTDs) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 3.94 (1.32) | 3.70 (1.41) | 3.25 (1.46) | 2.14 (1.28) | 2.02 (1.31) | 3.27 (1.35) | 3.61 (1.23) | 4.29 (0.98) | |
| Question wording | Concept-focused | 3.78 (1.29) | 3.63 (1.40) | 2.84 (1.42) | 2.02 (1.22) | 1.88 (1.22) | 3.23 (1.38) | 3.66 (1.19) | 4.25 (1.00) |
| Context-focused | 4.11*** (1.24) | 3.77** (1.40) | 3.67*** (1.39) | 2.27*** (1.33) | 2.16*** (1.38) | 3.30 (1.32) | 3.56* (1.26) | 4.33* (0.95) | |
| Question order | Less controversial first (Q1-Q3) | 3.85 (1.33) | 3.65 (1.41) | 3.03 (1.45) | 2.03 (1.21) | 1.82 (1.18) | 3.17 (1.38) | 3.61 (1.22) | 4.25 (1.01) |
| Most controversial first (Q4-Q5) | 4.03*** (1.29) | 3.75* (1.41) | 3.47*** (1.44) | 2.26*** (1.34) | 2.21*** (1.39) | 3.36*** (1.31) | 3.61 (1.25) | 4.32* (0.95) | |
Note: Numbers are mean scores on a five-point Likert scale: 1 = strongly disagree; 5 = strongly agree (SDs in parenthesis). The MANOVA test of group differences was significant for both question wording (Pillai’s trace = .103; Wilk’s Lambda = .897; Hotelling’s trace = .115; F = 49.2; p-values for all three tests < .000) and for question order (Pillai’s trace = .0.25; Wilk’s Lambda = .975; Hotelling’s trace = .25; F = 10.8; p-values for all three tests < .000). The p-values in the Table were generated from follow-up F-test of mean differences between experimental groups for each question.
*: p < 0.05; **: p < 0.01; ***: p < 0.001. All tests are two-tailed