Table 3.
Inhibitory effects of limonoids (1–17) on LPS-activated NO production in mouse peritoneal macrophages.
| Treatment | Inhibition (%) | IC50 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 µM | 3 µM | 10 µM | 30 µM | 100 µM | (µM) | |
| Gedunin (1) [17] | 0.0 ± 5.6 (100.0 ± 4.1) | 25.1 ± 2.5 ** (102.2 ± 5.3) | 84.5 ± 2.3 ** (119.5 ± 5.3) | 101.8 ± 0.6 ** (94.8 ± 1.4) | 100.9 ± 0.4 ** (3.0 ± 0.4 #) | 4.6 |
| 6α-Acetoxygedunin (2) [17] | 0.0 ± 1.5 (100.0 ± 1.6) | 16.9 ± 1.7 ** (96.8 ± 1.2) | 67.6 ± 4.6 ** (102.3 ± 2.2) | 88.4 ± 3.5 ** (92.5 ± 1.7) | 99.6 ± 0.2 ** (53.6 ± 5.1 #) | 7.9 |
| 7-Deacetoxy-7-oxogedunin (3) [17] | 0.0 ± 6.5 (100.0 ± 5.1) | 7.4 ± 5.2 (100.3 ± 3.9) | 40.9 ± 4.7 ** (98.9 ± 3.2) | 94.0 ± 0.8 ** (98.8 ± 7.4) | 88.1 ± 2.1 ** (83.7 ± 1.2) | 12.8 |
| 7-Deacetoxy-7α-hydroxy-gedunin (4) [17] | 0.0 ± 2.4 (100.0 ± 4.4) | 15.7 ± 4.6 ** (110.3 ± 5.9) | 55.7 ± 4.0 ** (106.6 ± 3.1) | 98.8 ± 0.4 ** (96.3 ± 4.6) | 100.2 ± 0.2 ** (2.6 ± 0.5 #) | 8.7 |
| Andirolide H (5) | 0.0 ± 5.6 (100.0 ± 1.8) | 5.8 ± 6.1 (99.8 ± 4.5) | 63.9 ± 3.0 ** (103.9 ± 6.9) | 97.2 ± 0.9 ** (108.9 ± 2.4) | 99.7 ± 0.5 ** (4.9 ± 0.5 #) | 9.4 |
| 6α-Hydroxygedunin (6) [17] | 0.0 ± 6.2 (100.0 ± 4.5) | 7.7 ± 7.1 (88.4 ± 3.0) | 20.7 ± 4.3 ** (87.6 ± 4.0) | 64.0 ± 3.1 ** (90.4 ± 2.6) | 97.3 ± 0.3 ** (82.2 ± 4.2) | 19.1 |
| Methyl angolensate (7) [17] | 0.0 ± 5.9 (100.0 ± 2.4) | 10.1 ± 4.2 (108.8 ± 11.0) | 20.0 ± 8.1 (108.8 ± 5.5) | 42.2 ± 3.5 ** (111.0 ± 4.5) | 24.0 ± 4.2 * (78.1 ± 5.3 #) | > 100 |
| Epoxyazadiradione (8) | 0.0 ± 0.8 (100.0 ± 4.1) | 10.5 ± 0.9 * (99.6 ± 2.9) | 56.0 ± 4.0 ** (94.8 ± 2.3) | 102.6 ±4.0 ** (81.9 ± 2.7) | 112.3 ± 0.7 ** (10.0 ± 0.5 #) | 8.2 |
| 17β-Hydroxyazadiradione (9) | 0.0 ± 4.9 (100.0 ± 1.8) | −10.4 ± 6.8 (95.4 ± 5.2) | 9.4 ± 7.1 (94.4 ± 1.4) | 65.1 ± 4.5 ** (94.8 ± 4.9) | 97.4 ± 0.7 ** (84.8 ± 3.6) | 20.3 |
| Carapanolide C (10) | 0.0 ± 2.6 (100.0 ± 3.4) | 4.2 ± 8.8 (96.0 ± 4.1) | 20.8 ± 5.0 ** (98.9 ± 3.4) | 20.2 ± 4.9 (91.8 ± 2.8) | 13.2 ± 1.9 (80.0 ± 4.4) | >100 |
| Carapanolide R (11) | 0.0 ± 1.3 (100.0 ± 1.0) | 4.0 ± 2.2 (95.1 ± 1.8) | 8.9 ± 2.3 (98.0 ± 1.7) | 17.4 ± 1.3 (106.0 ± 1.9) | 75.6 ± 1.2 ** (118.4 ± 1.0) | 68.3 |
| Carapanolide S (12) | 0.0 ± 2.8 (100.0 ± 0.7) | 2.5 ± 1.2 (97.9 ± 2.7) | 15.9 ± 1.3 ** (93.8 ± 2.0) | 72.2 ± 3.6 ** (96.8 ± 4.4) | 99.8 ± 0.4 ** (73.7 ± 3.8 #) | 15.5 |
| Carapanolide M (13) | 0.0 ± 2.2 (100.0 ± 2.3) | −1.1 ± 2.7 (99.2 ± 0.6) | 3.2 ± 2.8 (95.1 ± 1.3) | 30.3 ± 3.1 ** (94.2 ± 2.9) | 85.1 ± 1.5 ** (111.9 ± 1.6) | 41.6 |
| Carapanolide Q (14) | 0.0 ± 2.4 (100.0 ± 2.8) | 1.9 ± 0.7 (99.8 ± 1.6) | 14.4 ± 2.2 (96.3 ± 1.6) | 44.3 ± 1.1 ** (95.5 ± 4.1) | 75.3 ± 3.5 ** (115.5 ± 2.2) | 38.0 |
| Carapanolide O (15) | 0.0 ± 2.5 (100.0 ± 4.6) | −2.5 ± 5.4 (104.1 ± 2.5) | 14.7 ± 8.2 (107.9 ± 2.7) | 6.9 ± 5.0 (106.7 ± 2.5) | 102.5 ± 3.2 ** (108.7 ± 5.2) | 46.0 |
| Guianolide A (16) | 0.0 ± 1.8 (100.9 ± 0.9) | 1.9 ± 3.2 (96.9 ± 1.8) | 3.2 ± 1.4 (101.5 ± 1.9) | 12.7 ± 1.6 (98.7 ± 1.8) | 71.3 ± 3.2 ** (106.2 ± 1.6) | 77.9 |
| Carapanolide A (17) | 0.0 ± 1.5 (100.0 ± 1.8) | −0.6 ± 2.1 (103.0 ± 2.6) | 1.2 ± 2.0 (103.9 ± 4.3) | 41.1 ± 1.0 ** (109.5 ± 4.3) | 4.9 ± 1.8 (91.3 ± 1.6) | > 100 |
| l-NMMA [33,36] | 0.0 ± 3.1 (100.0 ± 0.9) | 1.4 ± 2.8 (101.1 ± 5.7) | 19.9 ± 2.8 ** (100.7 ± 6.2) | 43.0 ± 2.1 ** (102.6 ± 4.2) | 70.9 ± 1.6 ** (106.4 ± 4.6) | 36.0 |
| CAPE [33,36] | 0.0 ± 2.1 (100.0 ± 1.5) | 5.9 ± 5.2 (95.4 ± 0.7) | 44.4 ± 3.2 ** (70.0 ± 4.0 #) | 86.2 ± 1.1 ** (71.4 ± 6.0 #) | 99.6 ± 0.1 ** (53.0 ± 1.4 #) | 11.0 |
Each value represents the mean ± S.E.M. (n = 4); asterisks denote significant differences from the control group, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01; # cytotoxic effects were observed, and values in parentheses indicate cell viability (%) in MTT assay; commercial silybin was purchased from Funakoshi Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan), whereas L-NMMA and CAPE were from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co., LLC. (St. Louis, MO, USA).