Table 4.

Inhibitory effects of limonoids (1–17) on TNF-α-induced cytotoxicity in L929 cells.

Treatment	Inhibition (%)
	0 µM	1 µM	3 µM	10 µM	30 µM
Gedunin (1)	0.0 ± 2.1	4.5 ± 1.9	21.8 ± 3.7 **	38.1 ± 3.8 **	36.5 ± 4.1 **
6α-Acetoxygedunin (2)	0.0 ± 1.6	10.9 ± 1.0 **	23.2 ± 1.8 **	36.3 ± 2.1 **	37.3 ± 1.4 **
7-Deacetoxy-7-oxogedunin (3)	0.0 ± 1.1	5.8 ± 1.5	26.7 ± 4.5 **	58.6 ± 7.2 **	68.7 ± 4.8 **
7-Deacetoxy-7α-hydroxygedunin (4)	0.0 ± 0.3		−6.5 ± 2.4	2.7 ± 2.3	36.5 ± 1.8 **
Andirolide H (5)	0.0 ± 0.8	−6.6 ± 3.6	−0.7 ± 1.2	7.6 ± 1.1	39.2 ± 1.7 **
6α-Hydroxygedunin (6)	0.0 ± 1.3	8.1 ± 1.9	6.7 ± 1.5	12.1 ± 3.0	28.3 ± 1.7 **
Methyl angolensate (7)	0.0 ± 1.4	−0.5 ± 3.5	0.6 ± 2.9	13.3 ± 2.6 *	24.6 ± 2.9 **
Epoxyazadiradione (8)	0.0 ± 5.3		13.7 ± 3.9	39.1 ± 6.5 **	91.5 ± 11.4 **
17β-Hydroxyazadiradione (9)	0.0 ± 1.5	14.1 ± 3.4	23.9 ± 3.9 **	64.0 ± 3.3 **	91.3 ± 8.2 **
Carapanolide C (10)	0.0 ± 3.7	4.9 ± 2.1	14.2 ± 3.2	27.7 ± 4.3 **	54.5 ± 5.5 **
Carapanolide R (11)	0.0 ± 4.1		−6.3 ± 4.7	−1.3 ± 3.8	31.7 ± 3.8 **
Carapanolide S (12)	0.0 ± 1.5		−5.5 ± 2.2	−1.4 ± 1.5	−2.5 ± 1.2
Carapanolide M (13)	0.0 ± 6.5		−1.5 ± 7.1	7.0 ± 4.4	−5.1 ± 6.2
Carapanolide Q (14)	0.0 ± 5.5		8.6 ± 4.4	1.3 ± 4.2	9.2 ± 2.5
Carapanolide O (15)	0.0 ± 6.5		6.3 ± 4.3	1.0 ± 6.4	1.5 ± 4.1
Guianolide A (16)	0.0 ± 2.9		−6.2 ± 5.2	−4.5 ± 1.9	−7.3 ± 3.0
Carapanolide A (17)	0.0 ± 3.7		8.8 ± 6.5	21.5 ± 5.5 **	58.2 ± 4.7 **
Treatment	Inhibition (%)
	0 µM	3 µM	10 µM	30 µM	100 µM
Silybin [36]	0.0 ± 2.6	5.3 ± 2.8	22.0 ± 3.8 **	48.0 ± 4.1 **	50.8 ± 3.9 **

Each value represents the mean ± S.E.M. (n = 4); asterisks denote significant differences from the control group, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01.; commercial silybin was purchased from Funakoshi Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan).