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. 2016 Apr 20;17(4):594. doi: 10.3390/ijms17040594

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© 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Chemical-based reprogramming to chemically induced pluripotent stem cells (ciPSCs) and chemically induced neural stem cells (ciNSCs): (A) Schematics of direct iPSC transdifferentiation from mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) using seven small-molecule cocktail leading to GFP-Oct4 expressing ciPSCs generation. After in vivo transplantation, the ciPSCs can differentiate into cells of all three germ layers. After screening, the four small molecules, C6FZ (CHIR99021, 616542, Forskolin and DZNep) were found to be critical in inducing CiPSCs [17]; (B) direct ciNSC reprogramming from MEFs and human urinary cells using a three small-molecule cocktail VPA, CHIR99021, and Repsox (VCR) under hypoxic condition (5% O₂) [13].