Table 3.
Association between Estimates of Pollution Exposure at Different Periods of Life and Measures of Lung Function
| β (95% CI) |
||
|---|---|---|
| Exposure | FEV1 (ml) | FVC (ml) |
| Proximity to major roadway, m, log transformed | ||
| Birth | −12.1 (−34.0 to 9.8) | −24.1 (−47.4 to −0.8) |
| Mid-childhood visit | −19.4 (−41.8 to 3.1) | −31.2 (−55.1 to −7.3) |
| PM2.5, μg/m3 | ||
| First year of life | −7.1 (−26.8 to 12.6) | −12.5 (−33.6 to 8.5) |
| Lifetime | −14.3 (−36.5 to 7.9) | −21.8 (−45.2 to 1.7) |
| Past 365 d | −24.1 (−44.8 to −3.4) | −21.8 (−43.9 to 0.2) |
| BC, μg/m3 | ||
| First year of life | −11.4 (−31.3 to 8.5) | −16.3 (−37.4 to 4.8) |
| Lifetime | −13.8 (−41.7 to 14.0) | −31.2 (−60.5 to −1.8) |
| Past 365 d | −19.9 (−49.8 to 10.0) | −38.9 (−70.4 to −7.3) |
Definition of abbreviations: BC = black carbon; CI = confidence interval; PM2.5 = particulate matter with a diameter smaller than 2.5 μm.
Data from 614 children participating in Project Viva.
Results scaled from the 75th to the 25th percentile of the log-transformed distance to major roadway, per 2 μg/m3 for PM2.5, and per 0.2 μg/m3 for BC. All models adjusted for child age, sex, race/ethnicity, and height; household income and household smoking; census tract median household income and census tract % of population with at least a college degree; and time (as a continuous variable), season (as sine and cosine terms), and the temperature and humidity of the day before the spirometry examination.