Table 1.
Summary of nanomaterials designed to image or modulate atherosclerotic lesions.
| Nanomaterial | Cells Targeted | Targeting Moiety | Cargo | In Vivo Therapeutic Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gene Therapy | |||||
| POPC, SAINT-C8, Chol, DSPE-PEG2000, DSPE-PEG2000-Mal | Endothelial Cells | Anti-(E-selectin) and Anti-(VCAM-1) Antibodies | VE-cadherin siRNA | Untested. In vitro reduction of VE-cadherin expression in primary endothelial cells | 121 |
| β1,3-D-glucan, PEI | Macrophages | Dectin-1 mediated phagocytosis | TNF-α siRNA or Map4k4 siRNA | Cellular mRNA silencing and reduced TNF-α serum levels | 110 |
| Hyaluronan, DPPE, PC, Chol | Gut mononuclear leukocytes | anti-(β7 integrin) antibody | Cyclin D1 siRNA | Alleviated intestinal inflammation in DSS-induced colitis | 111 |
| Lipid C12-200, DSPC, Chol, PEG-DMG | Ly-6Chigh monocytes and macrophages | None | CCR2 siRNA | Reduction in myocardial infarct size, inflammatory atherosclerosis, tumor-associated macrophages. Prolongs islet graft survival | 112 |
| Lipofectamine 2000 | Peripheral blood mononuclear cells | None | miR-181b mimics | Protection against atherosclerosis in ApoE−/− mice, inhibition of NF-kB signaling, reduced vascular inflammation | 113 |
| PLGA | pre-B-cell lymphoma cells | Penetratin | Anti-(miR-155) PNA | Diminished tumor growth | 115 |
| Lipofectamine 2000 | Ly-6Chigh monocytes and macrophages | None | miR-146a mimics | Reduction in TNF-α mRNA levels, attenuated atherosclerosis | 116 |
| DA-PEI1.8 | Smooth muscle cells | None | MMP-2 siRNA | Untested. Reduced MMP-2 expression in vitro in smooth muscle cells | 125 |
| Imaging | |||||
| Dextran-coated iron oxide | Monocytes and macrophages | Dextran, particle size | Fluorine-18, VT680 fluorochrome | PET-CT detection of monocytes and macrophages within the aneurysmatic wall | 154 |
| PEI, Core-shell fluorescent silica nanoparticles | Cos7 cells | None | CMV-luc plasmid DNA | Untested. Cytoplasmic escape of plasmid DNA and fluorescent nanoparticles | 84 |
| CdS, ZnS, TOPO, PEG-PE | MCaIV tumor cells | TAT | Quantum dot | Succesful uptake of nanoparticles by MCaIV tumor cells | 85 |
| NaYF4 nanoparticles, polyglutamic dendrons | None: Vascular Mapping | None | None | Mapping of cortical vasculature down to 400 um below tissue surface | 86 |
| FeCo/Graphitic-Carbon, DSPE-PEG | Macrophages | None | Cy5.5 | In situ and ex vivo fluoresence and in vivo MRI detection of macrophage accumulation in ligation-induced vascular lesion | 101 |
| Tobacco mosaic virus-based nanorods | None: VCAM-1 detection | VCAM-1 targeting peptide | Cy5, Gd(DOTA) | Ex vivo detection of plaques from ApoE−/− mouse aorta | 91 |
| CE, glycerine, lissamine rhodamine B sulphonyl, MPB-PEG-DSPE | None: VCAM-1 upregulation detector | VCAM-1 targeting peptide | Rhodamine | Successful detection of upregulated VCAM-1 expression in ApoE−/− mouse kidneys | 102 |
| Methoxy PEG5000 | None: microvascular imaging | None | Quantum dots | In vivo imaging of microvascular units, LPS induction results in non-specific uptake by phagocytes in vivo | 87 |
| Epichlorohydrin-crosslinked dextran | Monocytes and macrophages | None | VT680, zirconium-89 | In vivo PET/MRI detection of monocyte/macrophage infiltration of atherosclerotic plaques | 103 |
| SPIO nanoparticles | Macrophages | None | None | In vivo detection of macrophage infiltration in aortic walls | 95 |
| Immunomodulatory | |||||
| Chitosan | Microfold cells | None | CETP plasmid DNA | Slowing down the formation of atherosclerotic plaques | 147 |
| PC, lyso-C12PC, LPA | Antigen presenting cells | None | CETP (CHLLVDFLQSLS) peptide | Reduced liver lipid-associated histopathology, reduced atherosclerosis | 148, 149 |
POPC = 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; Chol = cholesterol; DSPE-PEG2000 = 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-(polyethylene glycol)-2000; DSPE-PEG2000-Mal = 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[maleimide(polyethylene glycol)-2000]; PEI = polyethyleneimine; DPPE = 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine; PC = phosphatidylcholine; DSPC = Distearoylphosphatidylcholine; DA-PEI1.8 = deoxycholic acid - polyethyleneimine; TOPO = tri-n-octylphosphine oxide; PEG-PE = poly(ethylene glycol) phosphatidylethanolamine; SPIO = superparamagnetic iron oxide; DOGS-NTA = 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-[(N-(5-amino-1-carboxypentyl)iminodiacetic acid)succinyl] nickel salt; CE = perfluoro-15-crown-5-ether; MPB-PEG-DSPE = N-[{w-[4-(p-maleimidophenyl)butanoyl]amino}poly(ethylene glycol)2000]1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine; lyso-C12PC = 1-lauroyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; LPA = 1-oleoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphate; CETP = cholesteryl ester transfer protein