Table 3. Comparison of performance on all cognitive tests on the basis of gender and the empirically derived cognitive subgroups of people with schizophrenia and healthy controls.
| Cognitive Test | Gender | CIQ (n=138) | DIQ (n=239) | PIQ (n=157) | HC (n=635) |
Group |
Males | Females |
Gender |
Gender × Group |
CIQ<DIQ | CIQ<PIQ | DIQ<PIQ | CIQ<HC | DIQ<HC | PIQ<HC | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F | P | F | P | F | P | d | d | d | d | d | d | ||||||||
|
Other cognitive tests | |||||||||||||||||||
| Visuospatial construction | Male | −1.09 (1.0) | −0.58 (1.0) | −0.19 (1.0) | 0.17 (1.0) | 72.20 | <0.001 | −0.42 (1.1) | −0.72 (1.4) | 16.17 | <0.001 | 0.60 | 0.613 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 0.3a |
| Female | −1.56 (0.8) | −0.87 (1.0) | −0.32 (1.1) | −0.14 (1.0) | |||||||||||||||
| Language | Male | −1.51 (0.9) | −1.19 (0.8) | −0.88 (0.8) | −0.28 (1.0) | 111.04 | <0.001 | −0.96 (1.0) | −0.53 (1.3) | 40.45 | <0.001 | 0.69 | 0.557 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 0.6 |
| Female | −1.25 (0.9) | −0.74 (0.9) | −0.40 (0.9) | 0.26 (0.9) | |||||||||||||||
| Delayed verbal memory | Male | −2.65 (1.5) | −2.00 (1.5) | −0.63 (1.1) | −0.01 (1.0) | 219.73 | <0.001 | −1.32 (1.2) | −0.88 (1.6) | 28.19 | <0.001 | 4.18 | 0.006 | 0.4 | 1.2 | 0.8 | 1.6 | 1.2 | 0.5 |
| Female | −2.06 (1.3) | −1.35 (1.0) | −0.19 (1.0) | 0.08 (0.9) | |||||||||||||||
| Verbal fluency | Male | −1.25 (0.8) | −0.84 (0.8) | −0.32 (0.9) | −0.07 (0.9) | 90.62 | <0.001 | −0.62 (0.9) | −0.52 (1.1) | 2.40 | 0.122 | 0.13 | 0.941 | 0.4 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 1.2 | 0.8 | 0.2 |
| Female | −1.17 (0.8) | −0.69 (0.9) | −0.28 (0.8) | 0.04 (0.8) | |||||||||||||||
|
Clustering Variables | |||||||||||||||||||
| WTAR | Male | −2.66 (1.0) | −0.21 (0.7) | 0.00 (0.9) | −0.02 (1.1) | 255.91 | <0.001 | −0.72 (1.0) | −0.71 (1.3) | 0.04 | 0.834 | 0.87 | 0.454 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 0.2 | 2.1 | 0.2 | <0.1a |
| Female | −2.63 (1.0) | −0.36 (0.8) | 0.14 (0.8) | 0.02 (0.9) | |||||||||||||||
| Immediate memory | Male | −2.55 (0.9) | −1.92 (0.9) | −0.53 (0.8) | −0.13 (1.0) | 331.68 | <0.001 | −1.28 (0.1) | −0.96 (0.1) | 22.63 | <0.001 | 0.69 | 0.560 | 0.6 | 1.9 | 1.3 | 2.1 | 1.6 | 0.4 |
| Female | −2.26 (0.8) | −1.53 (0.9) | −0.12 (0.8) | 0.09 (1.0) | |||||||||||||||
| Attention | Male | −2.42 (0.8) | −1.68 (0.8) | −0.47 (0.7) | −0.06 (1.0) | 314.83 | <0.001 | −1.16 (1.0) | −1.01 (1.3) | 4.73 | 0.030 | 0.19 | 0.904 | 0.8 | 2.1 | 1.3 | 2.2 | 1.5 | 0.4 |
| Female | −2.25 (0.8) | −1.58 (0.7) | −0.25 (0.8) | 0.05 (1.0) | |||||||||||||||
| Letter number sequencing | Male | −1.77 (0.8) | −1.28 (0.7) | −0.04 (0.8) | 0.04 (1.0) | 206.89 | <0.001 | −0.77 (1.0) | −0.83 (1.3) | 0.88 | 0.349 | 0.13 | 0.940 | 0.5 | 1.8 | 1.4 | 1.7 | 1.3 | 0.1a |
| Female | −1.87 (0.8) | −1.28 (0.6) | −0.12 (0.8) | −0.04 (1.0) | |||||||||||||||
Abbreviations: CIQ, compromised group; DIQ, deteriorated group; PIQ, preserved group; HC, healthy control group; RBANS, The Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status.
RBANS index and other cognitive scores were converted to z-scores (relative to healthy control means and s.d.). Means with s.d. in parentheses provided. All tests significant after Bonferroni correction P<0.002 to P=0.05 unless indicated.
Visuospatial Constructional=RBANS visuospatial/constructional Index; Language=RBANS language index; Delayed verbal memory=RBANS delayed memory Index. Verbal Fluency=Controlled Oral Word Association Test
a
Indicates pairwise comparison was not significant. d indicates Cohen's d effect size (large effects >0.8 in bold).